1、III基于单片机的早产儿育婴箱设计摘 要早产儿是指出生37周以前的婴儿。他们中大多数体重不足2500g,头围小于33cm。与足月婴儿相比,器官功能和对环境的适应性较差,因此,对早产儿进行特殊护理非常重要。随着二胎政策的全面开放,高龄产妇的数量逐渐增加,导致早产儿的出生率逐渐增多。此外,现代工业造成的环境污染也导致早产儿数量逐年增加。因此,有必要为早产儿设计一个育儿箱。目前,我国早产儿的出生率在5%10%,每年约有1500万早产儿出生,早产的死亡率为12.720.8,这是一个非常巨大的数据。自20世纪90年代以来,许多发达国家对早产儿的发育给予了特别关注,早产儿育婴箱的年投资也非常大。但由于医疗
2、水平和能力的限制,我国早产儿护理研究滞后于其他国家。在照顾早产儿的过程中,最重要的医疗设备是育婴箱,在早产儿在出生后会立马上放入育婴箱中,直到身体的各项指标恢复到健康水平状态,大多数时间都会生活在育婴箱中。对于医务人员来说,照顾早产儿的大多数工作都是在育婴箱内完成的。在发达国家,育婴箱的研究和设计是非常重要的。与一些落后地区相比,我国对早产儿的护理还处于刚刚起步的阶段。因此,设计一种成本低、操作简单、功能完善的婴儿育婴箱就显得越来越重要。本设计中,以微控制器为核心,通过为控制器对传感器数据采集,数据处理,数据分析,输出执行等功能。处理过的数据通过显示器显示,通过三总线的方式来采集当前温湿度值,
3、采集后的信息可以通过按键设置当前适宜温度,如果没有达到设定温湿度值,则蜂鸣器报警。单片机内部定时器来控制喂养和换尿布的时间。关键字:早产儿,育婴箱,微控制器 The Design of Premature Infant Nursery Box Based on Single Chip MicrocomputerABSTRACTPremature babies are babies born 37 weeks ago. Most of them weigh less than 2,500 g and have a head circumference of less than 33 cm. Co
4、mpared with full-term infants, organ function and environmental adaptability are poor, so special care for premature infants is very important. With the full opening of the two-child policy, the number of older mothers has gradually increased, leading to an increase in the birth rate of premature in
5、fants. In addition, environmental pollution caused by modern industry has also led to an increase in the number of premature infants year by year. Therefore, it is necessary to design a nursery box for premature infants.At present, the birth rate of premature infants in China is between 5% and 10%.
6、There are about 15 million premature infants born every year. The mortality rate of premature infants is 12.7%-20.8%. This is a very huge data. Since the 1990s, many developed countries have paid special attention to the development of premature babies, and the annual investment in baby boxes for pr
7、emature babies is also very large. However, due to the limitation of medical level and ability, the nursing research of premature infants in China lags behind that in other countries.In the process of caring for premature infants, the most important medical equipment is the nursery box, which will b
8、e put into the nursery box immediately after birth until all the indicators of the body return to the state of health, and will basically live in the nursery box. For medical staff, most of the nursing work for premature infants is done in the nursery box. In developed countries, the research and de
9、sign of nursery boxes are very important. Compared with some backward areas, the nursing of premature infants in China is still in its infancy. Therefore, it is more and more important to design a low cost, simple operation and perfect function infant nursery box.In this design, microcontroller is t
10、aken as the core, through which the functions of sensor data acquisition, data processing, data analysis, output execution are realized. The processed data are displayed on the display, and the current temperature and humidity values are collected by three buses. The collected information can set th
11、e current appropriate temperature by keys. If the set temperature and humidity values are not reached, the buzzer will alarm. Single-chip internal timer to control feeding and diaper change timeKey words: premature infant, nursery box, microcontrollerIII目 录摘要ABSTRACT1 绪论12 课题研究背景22.1 国内研究现状22.2 国外研究
12、现状23 方案论证43.1 系统方案论证43.1.1显示器的选择(LCD与LED)43.1.2单片机的选择(STC89C52与AT89C51)53.1.3温湿度传感器的选择(DHT11与DS18B20)63.2 系统功能73.2 .1 系统功能需求73.2 .2 系统总体设计方案84 硬件设计与搭建94.1 芯片介绍94.1.1 STC89C5294.1.2 LCD1602124.1.3 上位排阻154.1.4 蜂鸣器164.1. 5 温湿度传感器174.2 硬件模块介绍185 软件设计235.1 开发工具235.1.1 Keil uVision 4235.1.2 Altium Designe
13、r235.2 系统软件的设计245.2.1总体功能设计245.2.2 LCD1602显示功能255.2.2 DHT11温湿度传感器266 测试287 总结29致 谢30附 录32551 绪论2012年出版的早产儿全球报告中显示,全世界每年约有1500 万早产儿出生,总数约占新生儿总数的十分之一。出生后不久,约有100万早产儿死亡。与此同时,更多疾病缠身早产儿将生活在世界中,这给早产儿的家庭和社会带来了沉重的负担。许多多国家的政府和研究机构研究表明,目前有许多有效的方法可以治疗早产儿,如果得到广泛宣传,四分之三的早产儿就会幸存下来【1】。同时,早产儿全球报告有关早产儿的问题在不同国家之间存在的差
14、异。早产儿出生率超过15%的国家有11个,其中有9个位于非洲南边地区。与发达国家相比,贫穷国家早产儿的患病率平均约为12%。2 课题研究背景2.1 国内研究现状吕强和徐洪良设计出一款结构简单使用方便的早产儿产儿育婴箱,该育婴箱的温度和湿度湿度通过LCD液晶显示器直观的显示给医护人员,育婴箱采用声光报警器,来提醒医护人员相应的功能操作,为医护人员提供便捷的操作【2】。天津职业大学孙惠芹,刘志兰等人设计出一款具有保护电路的育婴箱,该育婴箱具有在不同季节里温湿度传感器电压会发生变化,采用双重温度判断电路,电路发生故障时启用报警系统【3】。刘加峰等人在FPGA网络的基础上为育婴箱设计了一套实时监护系统
15、,把育婴箱的安全性和可靠性得到了大大的提升,该育婴箱能够对早产儿的脉搏、皮肤的温度和排尿的状况,温度湿度进行实时监控,当育婴箱在工作时出现系统故障,该育婴箱能够自动切换到安全回路,让育婴箱能够正常工作,确保早产儿安全【4】。苗族自治区中医院的刘颖、邓薇和余益萍设计出一款多功能新生儿育婴箱。该育婴箱可以对新生儿的活动和呼吸状况来判断新生儿是否正常,和以往育婴箱不同的是该育婴箱在对新生儿进行护理时并不需要打开箱体。这样就降低了医护人员的工作难度。山东省聊城市临清市的闫焕利设计出一款育婴箱,该育婴箱除了相应的结构和对箱体内部温湿度的检测外,可以对育婴箱内部进行消毒,降低病毒对婴儿的伤害,让婴儿能够健康成长。宁波镇海鲜荣磁材料有限技术公司的胡科娜设计出一款新生儿护理育婴箱。该育婴箱具有结构稳定,安全可靠性强,灵活性高。新生儿在育婴箱内会摇动育婴箱,为的是使婴儿更容易入睡。由上述研究现状可见,国内育婴箱的发展主要从温度、湿度、婴儿的脉搏、皮肤温度、排尿状态进行监测。从外部结构来看主要有体积小、整体结构简单、操作简便、温度数据、安全性等方面做出了贡献。还没有出现对婴儿的喂养和换尿布方面做出实际的应用。因此本课题设计的功能除了温度和湿度的检测,还有对婴儿的喂养和换尿布也做出了实时监控,这大大减少了工作人员的工作量。2.1 国外研究现状从马拉西亚当地经济环境考虑,F