1、2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）英语试卷答案解析版II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word； for the other blank
2、s, use one word that best fits each blank.阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。A comprehensive study of 4,500 children conducted by the National Institutes of Health in 2018 shows that children who spent more than seven hours a day staring at screens showed evidence of premature thinning of their brains
3、cortex-the outer layer that processes sensory information. We dont know if it _1_ (cause) by the screen time. We dont know yet if its a bad thing. It wont be until we follow them over time _2_ we will see if there are outcomes that are associated with the differences that were seeing in this single
4、snapshot, Dr. Gaya Dowling. What we can say is that this is _3_the brains look like of kids who spend a lot of time on screens. And its not just one pattern.The problem isnt just screens _4_, but also the way screens tempt kids (and adults) away from something far more important: physical activity.
5、More than 23 percent of adults and 80 percent of adolescents dont get enough physical activity, and according to a 2019 report from the World Health Organization (WHO) , these patterns of activity and rest arise _5_habits we develop early in life. What we really need to do is _6_ (bring) back play f
6、or children, says Dr. Juana Willumsen, a WHO specialist in childhood obesity and physical activity, in a statement about new WHO guidelines issued in April 2019. “ This is about making the shift from sedentary time to playtime, while _7_ (protect) sleep. Of course, children arent completely to blame
7、 for their screen addiction.Sometimes, the parents _8_complain about the role of screens in family life are just as guilty of spending too much time in front of one. A 2016 study _9_ (conduct) by Common Sense Media found that parents spend up to nine hours a day in front of screens, mostly not for w
8、ork-related reasons. While 78 percent of parents said they believed they were good screen time role models, the study found a disconnect between their behavior and their perception of their behavior. Parents need to limit screen time for themselves and especially for their kids- _10_ it means playin
9、g the bad guy. Our mental and physical health depends on it.【答案】1. is being caused 2. that 3. what 4. themselves 5. from 6. bring 7. protecting 8. that/who 9. conducted 10. even if/ though【解析】本文是说明文。研究发现看屏幕时间过长会导致孩子大脑皮层过早变薄，同时长时间盯着屏幕也让孩子缺乏必要的锻炼。作者呼吁父母应该限制自己看屏幕的时间，也要限制孩子看屏幕的时间。【1题详解】考查时态和语态。句意：我们不知道这
10、是否是看屏幕时间造成的。此处为宾语从句谓语动词，空前的it指代premature thinning of their brains cortex，和cause之间为逻辑上的被动关系，应用被动语态；结合语境可知，此处表目前一直在发生的动作，故应用现在进行时的被动语态。故填is being caused。【2题详解】考查强调句型。句意：“直到我们跟踪他们一段时间，我们才会看到是否有结果与我们在这张快照中看到的差异有关，”盖亚 道林博士说。分析句子可知，本句去掉it be和设空处仍然是完整的句子，故此处是强调句型“It is+被强调部分that（强调人时可用who）”，此处强调时间状语until w
11、e follow them over time，应用that。故填that。【3题详解】考查表语从句引导词。句意：我们能说的是，这就是花很多时间看屏幕的孩子大脑的样子。分析句子结构，可知“_ the brains look like”是表语从句，应用what引导表语从句，在从句中充当look like 的宾语，意思为“样子”。故填what。【4题详解】考查代词。句意：问题不只是屏幕本身，还有屏幕诱惑孩子(和成年人)远离更重要的东西：体育活动。上文提到“the screen time”对孩子大脑的影响；该句说明除了屏幕本身的原因之外，还有其他的原因。根据句意，应是“屏幕本身”；screens是第
12、三人称复数形式，应用反身代词themselves。故填themselves。【5题详解】考查介词。句意：根据世界卫生组织(WHO) 2019年的一份报告，这些活动和休息的模式源于我们早期养成的习惯。此处是短语arise from “由引起，产生于”。故填from。【6题详解】考查不定式。句意：“我们真正需要做的是让儿童重返游戏，”世卫组织儿童肥胖和体育活动专家胡安娜维卢姆森博士在2019年4月发布的关于世卫组织新指南的声明中说。“_(bring) back play for children”在句中作表语，且表将来的动作，bring应用不定式形式；前面有实义动词do，不定式符号to省略。故填b
13、ring。【7题详解】考查现在分词。句意：这是关于在保护睡眠的同时，将久坐的时间转变为玩耍的时间。根据句意，protect 的逻辑主语是children，和protect之间为逻辑上的主动关系，因此用现在分词形式和while一起构成时间状语。故填protecting。【8题详解】考查定语从句关系词。句意：有时，那些抱怨屏幕在家庭生活中的作用的父母，也会因为花太多时间在屏幕前而感到内疚。分析句子结构可知，“_complain about the role of screens”是定语从句，先行词parents，指人，在从句中作主语，因此用that/who引导定语从句。故填that/who。【9题
14、详解】考查过去分词。句意：常识媒体(Common Sense Media) 2016年进行的一项研究发现，父母每天花在屏幕前的时间多达9个小时，多数不是因为工作相关的原因。分析句子可知，此处应用非为动词，句子主语a 2016 study 和 conduct之间为逻辑上的被动关系，应用过去分词作后置定语。故填conducted。【10题详解】考查让步状语从句引导词。句意：父母应该为自己也尤其是为了孩子要限制屏幕时间，即使这意味着当坏人。根据句意，此处用even if/ though引导让步状语从句，意思为“即使”。故填even if/ though。Section BDirections: Co
15、mplete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. committed B. compared C. contact D. delegation E. destructive F. humble G. negotiate H. respelled I. similarity J. superiors K. witnessedSome Very American W
16、ords Come from ChineseOn a recent program, we told you the stories of English words borrowed from other languages. Today, we will tell you about words that English has taken from Chinese.Many of the Chinese words that are now part of English were borrowed long ago. They are most often from Cantonese
17、(粤语)or other Chinese languages rather than Mandarin. Lets start with them.kowtowThe English word kowtow is a verb that means to agree too easily to do what someone else wants you to do, or to obey someone with power in a way that seems _11_. It comes from the Cantonese word kau tau, which means knoc
18、k your head ”. It refers to the act of kneeling and lowering ones head as a sign of respect to _12_ such as emperors, elders and leaders. In the case of emperors, the act required the person to touch their head to the ground. Britains Lord George Macartney refused to “kau tau to the Qianlong Emperor
19、. Soon after, the English word kowtow was born. In 1793, Britains King George III sent Lord George Macartney and other trade ambassadors to China to _13_ a trade agreement. The Chinese asked them to kowtow to the Qianlong Emperor. As the story goes, Lord Macartney refused for his _14_to do more than
20、 bend their knees. He said that was all they were required to do for their own king.It is not surprising, then, that Macartney left China without negotiating the trade agreement. After that, critics used the word kowtow when anyone was too submissive to China. Today, the usage has no connection to C
21、hina, nor any specific political connection.gung-hoAnother borrowed word that came about through _15_ between two nations is gung-ho. In English, the word gung-ho is an adjective that means extremely excited about doing something. The Chinese characters gong and he together mean work together, coope
22、rate. The original termgongyehezudshemeans Chinese Industrial Cooperatives. The organizations were established in the 1930s by Westerners in China to promote industrial and economic development. Lt. Colonel Evans Carlson of the United States Marine Corps observed these cooperatives while he was in C
23、hina. He was impressed, saying . all the soldiers _16_themselves to one idea and worked together to put that idea over. He then began using the term gung-ho in the Marine Corps to try to create the same spirit he had _17_. In 1942, he used the word as a training slogan for the 2nd Marine Raider Batt
24、alion during World War II.The men were often called the “Gung Ho Battalion. From then, the word gung-ho spread as a slogan throughout the Marine Coips. Today, its meaning has no relation to the military.typhoonIn English, a typhoon is a very powerful and _18_ storm that occurs around the China Sea a
25、nd in the South Pacific. The word history of typhoon had a far less direct path to the English language than gung-ho. And not all historical accounts are the same. But, according to the Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories, the first typhoons reported in the English language were in India and
26、were called touffons or tufans. The word tufan or al-tufan is Arabic and means violent storm or flood. The English came across this word in India and boiTowed it as touffon. Later, when English ships encountered violent storms in the China Sea, Englishmen learned the Cantonese word tai fung, which m
27、eans great wind. The words _19_ to touffon is only by chance. The modern form of the wordtyphoonwas influenced by the Cantonese but _20_to make it appear more Greek.【答案】11. F 12. J 13. G 14. D 15. C 16. A 17. K 18. E 19. I 20. H【解析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了两个外来词kowtow（磕头）和gung-ho（齐心协力的）的起源。【11题详解】考查形容词。句意：英语单词“磕
28、头”是一个动词，意思是太轻易同意做别人想让你做的事，或者以一种看起来很谦卑的方式服从有权力的人。seem是系动词，后接形容词作表语；根据句意，应是形容词humble，意思为“谦卑的”。故选F。【12题详解】考查可数名词单复数。句意：它指的是跪下并低着头以示对上级，如皇帝、长辈和领导的尊敬。 根据句意，此处是短语respect to sb. “对某人的尊敬”，介词to后应是名词；根据后面列举的名词emperors, elders and leaders可知，应是复数名词superiors，意思为“上级，长者”。故选J。【13题详解】考查动词。句意： 1793年，英国国王乔治三世派马戛尔尼勋爵和其
29、他贸易使节来华谈判贸易协定。 此处“to _3_ a trade agreement”是不定式作目的状语，不定式后应是动词原形；根据句意，应是动词negotiate，意思为“商谈，谈判”。故选G。【14题详解】考查名词。句意：据说，马戛尔尼勋爵拒绝让他的代表团做更多的事，除了屈膝。在形容词性物主代词his后应是名词形式；根据句意，应是名词delegation，意思为“代表团”。故选D。【15题详解】考查名词。句意：另一个通过两国之间接触而产生的外来词是gung-ho。在介词through后应是名词；根据句意，应是名词contact，意思为“接触，联系”。故选C。【16题详解】考查动词和时态。句
30、意：他很感动，说:“所有的士兵都致力于一种想法，并共同努力使这种想法得以实现。 所填词是句子的谓语动词；并且是一般过去时形式；根据句意，此处是短语commit oneself to ，意思为“致力于”。故选A。【17题详解】考查动词和时态。句意：然后，他开始在海军陆战队使用“同心协力”这个词，试图创造出他亲眼目睹的那种精神。根据空前的had可知，所填词是过去分词形式，构成过去完成时；根据句意，应是动词witness，意思为“亲眼目睹”，并且用过去分词。故选K。【18题详解】考查形容词。句意：在英语中，台风是一种非常强大、具有破坏性的风暴，发生在中国海域和南太平洋。and是并列连词，此处连接两个
31、并列的形容词，修饰storm；所填词应是形容词，与powerful 并列；根据句意，应是形容词 destructive，意思为“毁灭性的”。故选E。【19题详解】考查名词。句意：这个词与touffon的相似只是偶然。在名词所有格形式the words后，应是名词形式；根据语境，上文提到的tai fung与touffon相似，因此是名词similarity，意思为“相似”。故选I。【20题详解】考查动词和语态。句意：单词typhoon的现代形式受到广东话的影响，但将它重新拼写，使它更像希腊文。but是并列连词，此处连接两个并列的谓语动词，与前面的过去分词influenced并列；根据句意， 应是
32、动词respell，意思为“重新拼写”，并且用过去分词形式。故选H。III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.When 17-year-old Quattro Musser hangs out with friends,
33、they dont drink beer or cruise around in cars with their dates. _21_, they stick to G-rated activities such as rock- climbing or talking about books.They are in good company, according to a new study showing that teenagers are increasingly delaying activities that had long been seen as rites of pass
34、age into _22_. The study, published Tuesday in the journal Child Development, found that the percentage of adolescents in the U. S. who have a drivers license, who have tried alcohol, who date, and who work for pay has plummeted since 1976, with the most precipitous (急剧的) _23_ in the past decade. Th
35、e declines appeared across race, geographic, and socioeconomic lines, and in rural, urban, and suburban areas.To be sure, more than half of teens still engage in these activities, but the _24_ have slimmed considerably. Teens have also reported a steady decline in sexual activity in recent decades,
36、as the portion of high school students who have had sex fell from 54 percent in 1991 to 41 percent in 2015, according to Centers for Disease Control statistics. u People say, Oh, its because teenagers are more responsible, or more lazy, or more boring, but theyre _25_ the larger trend, said Jean Twe
37、nge, lead author of the study, which drew on seven large time-lag surveys of Americans. Rather, she said, kids may be less _26_ in activities such as dating, driving or getting jobs because in todays society, they no longer need to.According to an evolutionary psychology theory that a persons life s
38、trategy slows down or speeds up depending on his or her _27_, exposure to a harsh and unpredictable environment leads to faster development, while a more resource-rich and secure environment has the _28_ effect, the study said. In the first _29_, Youd have a lot of kids and be in survival mode, star
39、t having kids young, expect your kids will have kids young, and expect that there will be more _30_and fewer resources, said Twenge, a psychology professor at San Diego State University who is the author of iGen： Why Todays Super- Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Ha
40、ppy-and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood.In that model a teenage boy might be thinking more _31_ about marriage, and driving a car and working for pay would be important for “ establishing mate value based on procurement of resources, the study said. But America is shifting more toward the _32_mo
41、del, and the change is apparent across the socioeconomic spectrum, Twenge said. uEven in families whose parents didnt have a college education. . . families are smaller, and the idea that children need to be carefully _33_ has really sunk in. The _34_of 41 adult activities could not be attributed to
42、 more homework or extracurricular activities, the study said, noting that teens today spend fewer hours on homework and the same amount of time on extracurriculars as they did in the 1990 s (with the exception of community service, which has risen slightly). Nor could the use of smartphones and the
43、Internet be entirely the _35_, the report said, since the decline began before they were widely available. If the delay is to make room for creative exploration and forming better social and emotional connections, it is a good thing, he said.21. A. ThereforeB. RatherC. MoreoverD. Besides22. A. child
44、hoodB. neighborhoodC. adolescentsD. adulthood23. A. escapesB. endsC. decreasesD. changes24. A. minoritiesB. majoritiesC. massesD. amounts25. A. takingB. avoidingC. sendingD. missing26. A. interestedB. enviedC. relievedD. realized27. A. emotionsB. surroundingsC. customsD. habits28. A. wrongB. sameC.
45、oppositeD. similar29. A. eventB. issueC. caseD. occasion30. A. troubleB. questionsC. benefitsD. diseases31. A. respectivelyB. delicatelyC. seriouslyD. considerably32. A. slowerB. betterC. smallerD. faster33. A. emphasizedB. relatedC. organizedD. educated34. A. implementB. postponementC. achievementD
46、. payment35. A. causeB. impactC. factD. result【答案】21. B 22. D 23. C 24. B 25. D 26. A 27. B 28. C 29. C 30. D 31. C 32. A 33. D 34. B 35. A【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了为什么在美国现在越来越少的青少年推迟那些长期被视为成人仪式的活动，主要的原因还是在于生活模式的不同。【21题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：相反，他们坚持做G级活动，如攀岩或谈论书籍。A. Therefore因此；B. Rather相反；C. Moreover而且；D. Besid
47、es另外。此处参加G级活动“攀岩或谈论书籍”与前文“they dont drink beer or cruise around in cars with their dates（他们不会喝啤酒，也不会和约会对象开着车到处兜风）”前后转折。故选B项。【22题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：一项新的研究显示，青少年越来越推迟那些长期以来被视为成年仪式的活动。A. childhood童年；B. neighborhood邻居；C. adolescents青少年；D. adulthood成年。根据下文“The _14_ of “ adult activities” 可知，此处为“成年仪式的活动”。故选D项。【23题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：周二发表在儿童发展杂志上研究发现，自1976年以来，美国青少年中有驾照、试过酒、约会和打工的比例急剧下降，在过去十年中降幅最大。A. escapes逃跑；B. ends结束；C. decreases减少；下降；D. changes变化。根据下文“The declines appeared”可知，此处为“比例下降”。故选C项。【24题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：可以肯定的是，超过一半的青少年仍在从事这些活动，但大多数人已大幅减少。A. minorities少数；B. maj
