1、ffirs.fm Page iv Thursday,October 27,2011 11:41 AMTony Chan CarusoneDavid A.JohnsKenneth W.MartinJohn Wiley&Sons,Inc.ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGNffirs.fm Page i Thursday,October 27,2011 11:41 AMVP and PublisherDon FowleyAssociate PublisherDan SayreEditorial Assistant Charlotte CerfSenior Marketi
2、ng Manager Christopher RuelSenior Production Manager Janis SooSenior Production EditorJoyce PohThis book was set in 9.5/11.5 Times New Roman PSMT by MPS Limited,a Macmillan Company,and printed and bound by RRD Von Hoffman.The cover was printed by RRD Von Hoffman.This book is printed on acid free pap
3、er.Founded in 1807,John Wiley&Sons,Inc.has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years,helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations.Our company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we s
4、erve and where we live and work.In 2008,we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative,a global effort to address the environmental,social,economic,and ethical challenges we face in our business.Among the issues we are addressing are carbon impact,paper specifications and procurement,ethical conduct
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8、essionals for review purposes only,for use in their courses during the next academic year.These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a third party.Upon completion of the review period,please return the evaluation copy to Wiley.Return instructions and a free of charge return ship
9、ping label are available at of the United States,please contact your local representative.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataCarusone,Tony Chan.Analog integrated circuit design/Tony Chan Carusone,David A.Johns,Kenneth W.Martin.2nd ed.p.cm.Includes index.Prev ed.listed under David A.Jo
10、hns.ISBN 978-0-470-77010-8(pbk.)I.Johns,David,1958II.Martin,Kenneth W.(Kenneth William)1952III.Johns,David,1958-Analog integrated circuit design.IV.Title.TK7874.J652011621.3815dc232011039275Printed in the United States of America10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1ffirs.fm Page ii Thursday,October 27,2011 11:41 AMi
11、iiTo Soo,Brayden,Teague,and Senna To Cecilia,Christopher,Timothy,and VictoriaTo Elisabeth and Jeremyffirs.fm Page iii Thursday,October 27,2011 11:41 AMffirs.fm Page iv Thursday,October 27,2011 11:41 AMIt has long been predicted that there would soon be little need for analog circuitry because the wo
12、rld increasinglyrelies on digital signals,yet the need for good analog circuit design remains strong.Many applications haveindeed replaced analog circuitry with their digital counterparts(such as digital audio).However,when digitizingphysical signals,analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converter
13、s are always needed,together with their associ-ated anti-aliasing and reconstruction filters.In addition,new applications continue to appear;their requirementsdemand the use of high-performance analog front ends,such as digital communication over wireline and wirelesschannels and microsensor interfa
14、ces.Also,as integrated circuits integrate more functionality,it is much morelikely that at least some portion of a modern integrated circuit will include analog circuitry to interface to the realworld.Moreover,the continued scaling of digital circuits has led to the emergence of new problems that re
15、quireanalog solutions,such as on-chip power management and the generation of stable clock signals.Although it mayconstitute only a small portion of total chip area,analog circuitry is often the limiting factor on overall system per-formance and the most difficult part of the IC to design.As a result
16、,a strong industrial need for analog circuitdesigners continues.The purpose of this book is to help develop excellent analog circuit designers by presenting aconcise treatment of the wide array of knowledge required by an integrated circuit designer.This book strives to quash the notion that the des
17、ign and test of high-performance analog circuits are“mys-tical arts.”Whereas digital design is relatively systematic,analog design appears to be much more based uponintuition and experience.Analog testing may sometimes seem to depend more upon the time of day and phase ofthe moon than on concrete el
18、ectrical properties.But these thoughts about analog circuits usually occur when oneis not familiar with the many fundamentals required to create high-performance analog circuits.This book helpsto take the mystery out of analog integrated circuit design.Although many circuits and techniques are descr
19、ibed,the most important design principles are emphasized throughout this book.Physical and intuitive explanationsare given,and although mathematical quantitative analyses of many circuits have necessarily been presented,one must not miss seeing the forest for the trees.In other words,this book attem
20、pts to present the critical under-lying concepts without becoming entangled in tedious and overcomplicated circuit analyses.NEW TO THIS EDITIONThis,the second edition of Analog Integrated Circuit Design,has new material to make it more accessible to beginners inthe field while retaining the depth,de
21、tail,and intuitive approach that made the first edition a favorite reference among expe-rienced designers.Two new chapters have been added early in the text:Chapter 4,dedicated to the frequency response ofanalog integrated circuits,provides a review of frequency-domain analysis and single-stage ampl
22、ifier response;Chapter 5covers the basic theory of feedback amplifiers.The conventional categorization and dissection of feedback amplifiersaccording to their topology is by and large forgone in favor of an intuitive,practical,yet analytical approach that is based onthe practices of experienced anal
23、og designers.These new chapters make the second edition well-suited to the teaching ofanalog integrated circuit design at both the undergraduate and graduate levels,while still allowing it to serve as a compre-hensive reference for practicing engineers.The first edition of Analog Integrated Circuit
24、Design was written roughly 15 years before the second,andthe field changed considerably in the intervening years necessitating significant updates to reflect advances inPreface fpref.fm Page v Thursday,October 20,2011 8:55 AMviPrefacetechnology and engineering practice.For example,material on CMOS i
25、ntegrated circuit device modeling,processing,and layout in Chapters 1 and 2 has been updated and expanded to cover effects that are of tremen-dous importance to analog designers using modern fabrication technologies.New and expanded topics includemodeling MOS subthreshold operation and mobility degr
26、adation in Chapter 1,and proximity effects and mis-match both covered under the subheading“Variability”in Chapter 2.Also in Chapter 1,the increasinglyimportant role of simulation in the early phases of analog design is reflected by relating MOS parameters tothe results of practical simulations.Simul
27、ation examples have been added throughout the text,particularly inthe early chapters.Circuits and architectures whose fundamental importance have emerged over the pastdecade have been added such as voltage regulators(in Chapter 7)and the 1.5-bit-per-stage pipelined A/D con-verter(in Chapter 17).New
28、circuit topologies specifically suited to low-voltage operation are presented,suchas a low-voltage bandgap reference circuit in Chapter 7.Nonlinearity and dynamic range are now presented inChapter 9 alongside noise,highlighting their fundamental interrelationship.New study problems have beenadded th
29、roughout the text and numerical examples have been updated to reflect the realities of modern fabri-cation technologies.This edition has also been updated to accommodate todays varying pedagogical approaches toward the teaching ofbipolar devices and circuits.Material on bipolar devices and circuits,
30、which was scattered over several chapters of the firstedition,has been combined into Chapter 8 of this edition.The reorganization permits undergraduate-level instructors andreaders to either incorporate or omit the material at their discretion.In the later chapters,readers are assumed to have experi
31、-ence with analog design,hence bipolar and BiCMOS circuits are presented alongside CMOS circuits,as in the first edition.Finally,Chapter 19 on phase-locked loops(PLLs)has been rewritten.When the first edition was released,it wasone of the first analog circuit texts to elucidate the design of integra
32、ted circuit PLLs.Today,fully-integrated PLLs havebecome a basic building block of both analog and mostly-digital integrated circuits.As such,the material has becomestandard fare at the graduate level,and increasingly at the undergraduate level too.Chapter 19 now provides a thoroughtreatment of jitte
33、r and phase noise,major performance metrics in the design of modern PLLs and clocked systems.INTENDED AUDIENCEThis book is intended for use as a senior-undergraduate and graduate-level textbook,and as a reference for practicingengineers.To appreciate the material in this book,it is expected that the
34、 reader has had at least one basic introductorycourse in electronics.Specifically,the reader should be familiar with the concept of small-signal analysis and have beenexposed to basic transistor circuits.In addition,the reader should be have been exposed to Fourier and Laplace trans-forms.Some prior
35、 knowledge of discrete-time signal processing is important for the later chapters.Although all of thesetopics are reviewed,background in these areas will benefit the reader significantly.The chapters of this book have intentionally been made mostly independent so that some chapters can be cov-ered w
36、hile others are skipped.Also,it has been found to be very easy to change the order of presentation.Forexample,if readers have a good modelling background they might skip Chapter 1,and if their discrete-timeknowledge is good Chapter 13 might he assigned only as review.We believe that such flexibility
37、 is essential inpresenting textbooks for the later years of study.The material in this book can be used for a few courses.A second undergraduate course in electronics typi-cally has frequency response and feedback,as its major topics.For such a course,Chapters 1,3,4 and 5 may beassigned.Some advance
38、d modeling from Chapter 1 may be omitted and replaced with selected topics from Chap-ters 2 and 6 at the instructors discretion.A senior-level undergraduate course in analog integrated circuits assignsChapters 1,2,6,and 7,with Chapters 35 serving as a useful reference for those students requiring ex
39、tra review.Chapter 8 may be included in any course that covers bipolar processing and devices.A senior undergraduate or entry-level graduate course on analog signal processing may use Chapters 914.A graduate-level course on data converters will focus upon Chapters 1518,drawing upon the earlier chapt
40、ers asfpref.fm Page vi Thursday,October 20,2011 8:55 AMPrefaceviineeded for supplementary material.Finally,Chapter 19 may be used for a graduate level course on phase lockedloops.Naturally there is considerable variability in the specific readings assigned by different instructors,partic-ularly at t
41、he graduate level.This variability is recognized in the basic organization of the book.A secondary audience for this book includes recently graduated electrical engineers who wish to rapidlyincrease their knowledge of modern analog circuit design techniques.In fact,much of the material covered in th
42、istext was originally taught and refined over many years in popular short courses offered to working engineers whorealized the importance of upgrading their knowledge in analog circuit design.For this audience,we have puteffort into highlighting the most important considerations when designing the v
43、arious circuits.We have also triedto include modern,well-designed examples and references to primary sources for further study.TEXT OUTLINEAnalog integrated circuits are critical blocks that permeate complex electronic systems.Analog circuits inevitablyarise whenever those systems must interact with
44、 the analog world of sensors or actuators(including antennas,cameras,microphones,speakers,displays,lighting,motors,and many others),and when they must communicateusing anything but the most rudimentary digital signals.A typical system is illustrated in the figure.The blockscovered in some detail in
45、this text are highlighted,and the corresponding chapters referenced.Chapters describingthe design of amplifiers,and all chapters not explicitly referenced in the figure,are foundational and relevant tothe implementation of many analog and mixed-signal systems.The table of contents provides a catalog
46、 of thebooks main topics.What follows here is a very brief summary of each chapter.In Chapter 1,the basic physical behavior and modelling of diodes,MOS transistors,and integrated circuitcapacitors and resistors are covered.Here,many of the modelling equations are derived to give the reader someappre
47、ciation of model parameters and how they are affected by processes parameters.Diode and MOSFET mod-els are summarized in a table format for quick reference.In Chapter 2,issues associated with the manufacturing of an integrated circuit are discussed.Emphasis isplaced on CMOS fabrication.In addition t
48、o the provided background,issues that are of particular importance toanalog designers are emphasized,such as variability(including random mismatch)layout rules and best practices.AmplifiersChapters 36DigitalSignalFilteringChapters 1214A/D ConvertersChapters 15,1718D/A ConvertersChapters 1516Clock Ge
49、nerationChapter 19Power&BiasingChapter 7Procesingsensors,actuators,communicationfpref.fm Page vii Thursday,October 20,2011 8:55 AMviiiPrefaceFundamental building blocks of analog integrated circuits are discussed in Chapter3,specifically,MOS cur-rent mirrors and single-stage amplifiers,concluding wi
50、th the basic MOS differential pair.A point to note here isthat only active-load amplifiers are considered since these are prevalent in integrated circuits.Chapter 4 provides an introductory view of the frequency response of electronic circuits.It begins with fun-damental material on frequency respon
