1、Chapter 8EU EnlargementI.教学目的I.教学目的1.通过学习本课，使学生了解欧盟成立以来的发展进程以及重大事件。2.掌握文章中的常用专业概念和知识点，准确理解文章语言，提高翻译难句长句的能力。3.扩大相关知识和词汇，增强语言的表达能力与运用能力。II教学计划教学计划本课计划4.5个学时：1.介绍背景知识、难点、重点知识、课文串讲等用时约3.5个小时；2.课堂练习和与课文相关的讨论需用1个学时左右。III教学方法教学方法1.课堂讲解与课堂练习相结合。课堂讲解以教师口授为主；课堂练习以巩固知识和训练技能为目标。2.讲解时突出重点，着重讲清主要的知识点和概念，清楚讲解难句难段。
2、3.课堂练习要充分调动学生的积极性，其形式和内容服从教学目的。练习的主要形式是：Questions and answersTranslationParaphrasingSummarizingDiscussionIV.教学重点和要点教学重点和要点1.专业知识内容1)了解欧盟扩大的进程及主要事件；2)了解欧盟扩大对成员国、申请国和欧洲以外国家和地区的影响以及所带来的利益。3)作者对欧盟扩大持正面积极的态度。在学习本课的同时，补充新的知识点。如：补充使欧盟成员国已达到25个的最新欧盟东扩内容，从而跟踪最新知识动态。2.语言内容术 语：EMU,European Commission,currency
3、union,PPS(Purchasing Power Standard),transaction costs,harmonization of standards,investment regime,competition policy,regional policy,per capita GDP,production quota,tariff schedule,price differentials,action plan短 语：to a lesser extent,make a commitment to do sth,take on,opt out of sth.,catch up to
4、,stand to gain,rank within,set forth,take into account,account for,as of,in relation to 句子：1)U.S.companies are likely to benefit from reduced transaction costs resulting form;for example,a single tariff schedule and （170页第2段第2-4行）2)Although some EU officials argued that agriculture should not be neg
5、otiated with the candidate countries until （172页倒数第2-5行）3)According to the study,EU growth could increase by 0.7 of a percentage point,on a cumulative basis,（174页第2段7-10行）V.背景知识背景知识1.New membershipThe European Union threw open its doors to new members ranging from Estonia to Cyprus at a summit late
6、2002,but talk of ending the continents east-west divide was overshadowed by last-minute haggling over money.The 10 newcomers were scheduled to join the 15 existing members in 2004 after wrapping up more than four years of membership talks during a meeting of leaders in the Danish capital,Copenhagen.
7、European Commission President Romano Prodi said enlargement must not be compromised by last-minute inflexibility.Poland led the candidates in last-gasp bid to secure bigger aid handouts from the EU,while existing members like Austria,Portugal and Italy tried to squeeze more concessions from the newc
8、omers.The summit will also have to answer Turkeys demands for a date to start its own negotiations to join the EU.Leaders are expected to schedule membership talks with the Turks in mid-2005,if Ankara can show it meets EU standards of human rights,democracy and economic stability.Turkey says the dat
9、e is too late and insists its recent reforms-including abolition of the death penalty-should have been enough for the EU to set a date in 2003.Failure to appease the Turks could set the stage for a diplomatic showdown between Western Europe and the Muslim nation of 66 million people.Turkey neighbors
10、 Iraq and is viewed by the United States as a vital ally in the war against terrorism.The United States strongly backs Turkeys bid.President Bush lobbied French President Jacques Chirac on Wednesday on the Turkey issue.My administration is working hard on Turkeys behalf,Bush said Tuesday.Britain is
11、also championing the cause of Turkey,British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw said in London.Related to the EUs relations with Turkey is the future of Cyprus,one of the 10 countries due to join in 2004.The EU is hoping the internationally recognized Greek Cypriot government and the breakaway Turkish-bac
12、ked north will agree on a U.N.reunification plan before the island joins.If not,its committed to taking in only the Greek Cypriot south,something that would further alienate Turkey.Turkish help in securing a Cypriot agreement would boost its hopes of a satisfactory date from the EU.Greek Cypriot Pre
13、sident GlafcosClerides flew to the Danish capital Wednesday promising to give serious thought to the peace plan.However the Turkish Cypriot leader Rauf Denktashdampened hopes by saying poor health would keep him from Copenhagen.U.S.State Department spokesman Richard Boucher said the summit was an an
14、 opportunity to do several of these things at once.to reach a settlement in Cyprus.(and)move Turkey closer to Europe,set them on a path toward accession in a way thats good for the region.In final negotiations Monday and Tuesday,Slovakia,Cyprus and Estonia edged toward an agreement on entry terms.Th
15、ey include an aid package of around$40 billion to be shared among the candidates over the first three years of EU membership.EU officials were confident Hungary,the Czech Republic,Latvia,Lithuania and Slovenia were also on the verge of accepting the package,which will mostly be used to help farmers,
16、build roads,modernize power networks and other infrastructure improvements.However,Poland and Malta were holding out for a better deal.Poland,the largest of the candidates with 39 million people,was seeking more money for its farmers.About 20 percent of Poles depend on agriculture for their liveliho
17、od,but under the EUs plan they will receive subsidies at the same rate as their richer western neighbors beginning in 2013.Despite the snags,the summit is likely to finish with an invitation to all 10,paving the way for the biggest expansion in the EUs 45-year history.The additions will bring in 75
18、million people.An opinion poll published by the EU Wednesday showed citizens within the bloc giving strong support to the arrival of their eastern neighbors.目前，欧盟是我国第三大贸易伙伴，仅次于日、美；统计表明，对欧盟地区的出口占我出口总额的14.8%。中国则是欧盟第四大贸易伙伴。欧盟成员于2002年12月13日在哥本哈根举行的首脑会议上，决定接纳塞浦路斯、捷克、爱莎尼亚、匈牙利、立陶宛、拉脱维亚、马耳他、波兰、斯洛伐克及斯洛文尼亚的申请
19、，到2004年5月成为欧盟成员。欧盟接纳东欧及地中海十个准成员国加入，营商环境得到改善，外来直接投资增加，经济取得可观增长。准成员国在过去数年整体的经济增长均较欧盟为高，其国民生活水准不断提升，对进口产品的需求日益增加，市场潜力巨大。准成员国本地生产的消费品，质素参差、价钱昂贵而且种类较少，因此依赖进口。去年香港往所有出口市场输出货品的数字均录得下跌，只有出口往上述欧盟十个准成员国的数字不跌反上升一成。2.Enlargement-A historic opportunityFrom cooperation to accessionSoon after the fall of the Berli
20、n Wall in 1989,the European Community quickly established diplomatic relations with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.It removed long-standing import quotas on a number of products,extended the Generalised System of Preferences(GSP)and,over the next few years,concluded Trade and Co-operati
21、on Agreements with Bulgaria,the former Czechoslovakia,Estonia,Hungary,Latvia,Lithuania,Poland,Romania and Slovenia.In the meantime,the European Communitys PhareProgramme,created in 1989,set out to provide financial support for the countriesefforts to reform and rebuild their economies.Phare soon bec
22、ame the worlds largest assistance programmein Central and Eastern Europe,providing technical expertise and investment support.During the 1990s,the European Community and its Member States progressively concluded Association Agreements,so called Europe Agreements,with ten countries of Central and Eas
23、tern Europe.The Europe Agreements provide the legal basis for bilateral relations between these countries and the EU.The European Community had already established similar Association Agreements with Turkey(1963),Malta(1970)and Cyprus(1972).In the case of Turkey,a Customs Union entered into force in
24、 December 1995.Accession criteriaIn 1993,at the Copenhagen European Council,the Union took a decisive step towards the current enlargement,agreeing that“the associated countries in Central and Eastern Europe that so desire shall become members of the European Union.”Thus,enlargement was no longer a
25、question of if,but when.Concerning the timing,the European Council states:“Accession will take place as soon as an associated country is able to assume the obligations of membership by satisfying the economic and political conditions required.”At the same time,it defined the membership criteria,whic
26、h are often referred to as the Copenhagen criteria.COPENHAGEN EUROPEAN COUNCILMembership criteria require that the candidate country must have achieved#stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy,the rule of law,human rights and respect for and protection of minorities;#the existence of a funct
27、ioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitivepressure and market forces within the Union;#the ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political,economic&monetary union.MADRID EUROPEAN COUNCILMembership criteria also require that th
28、e candidate country must have created the conditions for its integration through the adjustment of its administrative structures,as underlined by the Madrid European Council in December 1995.While it is important that European Community legislation is transposed into national legislation,it is even
29、more important that the legislation is implemented effectively through appropriate administrative and judicial structures.This is a prerequisite of the mutual trust required by EU membership.Review procedure-Regular ReportsIn order to assess progress achieved by each country in preparing for accessi
30、on,following the publication of the Commissions Opinions on the applications for membership of the candidate countries in 1997,the Commission submits Regular Reports to the Council.The reports serve as a basis for the Council to take decisions on the conduct of the negotiations or their extension to
31、 other candidates on the basis of the accession criteria.The Commission submitted the first set of Regular Reports,covering the ten associated countries in Central and Eastern Europe,Cyprus and Turkey,to the Council in November 1998.Following the reactivation by Malta of its application for membersh
32、ip in October 1998,the Commission adopted,on 17 February 1999,an update of its Opinion from 1993.Since that time,the Commission has presented a complete set of Regular Reports on a yearly basis,covering the ten associated countries in Central and Eastern Europe,Cyprus,Malta,and Turkey.On the basis o
33、f its fifth set of Regular Reports,presented in October 2002,the Commission recommended to the European Council that:Cyprus,the Czech Republic,Estonia,Hungary,Latvia,Lithuania,Malta,Poland,the Slovak Republic and Slovenia fulfill the political criteria.Bearing in mind the progress achieved by these
34、countries,the track record in implementing their commitments,and taking into account their preparatory work in progress and foreseen,the Commission considers that these countries will have fulfilled the economic and acquis criteria and will be ready for membership from the beginning of 2004.The Comm
35、ission therefore recommends to conclude the accession negotiations with these countries by the end of this year with the aim to sign the Accession Treaty in spring 2003.The Commission hopes to see a reunited Cyprus acceding to the European Union on the basis of a comprehensive settlement,as the best
36、 outcome for all concerned.As indicated in the conclusions of the Seville European Council,the EU is ready to accommodate the terms of a political settlement in the accession arrangements in line with the principles on which the European Union is founded.The Commission welcomes the continued UN invo
37、lvement and urges all parties concerned and,in particular Turkey,to lend full support to efforts to reach a comprehensive settlement this year.Cyprusterms of accession can be adapted to reflect the comprehensive settlement as well as its implications for the application of the acquis throughout the
38、island.The Commission has proposed that considerable resources should be made available to support the northern part of the island to catch up and to back up a settlement.In the absence of a settlement,the decisions to be taken in December by the Copenhagen European Council will be based on the conc
39、lusions of the Helsinki European Council.Acceding countries need to implement the acquis by the date of accession,except in cases where transitional arrangements have been agreed.Commitments undertaken in the negotiations must be fully met before accession.The Regular Reports point to a number of ar
40、eas where further improvements need to be made in the context of the political and economic criteria and in relationship to the adoption,implementation and enforcement of the acquis.These should be vigorously pursued.In order to analyze progress and to facilitate successful membership of the Europea
41、n Union,the Commission will regularly monitor this and report to Council.The Commission will produce six months before the envisaged date of accession a comprehensive monitoring report for the Council and the European Parliament.The Commission considers that a specific safeguard clause needs to be i
42、ntroduced in the Accession Treaty.This clause should allow the Commission for a limited period of time to take appropriate measures in the internal market field.Conclusion of negotiations requires that the necessary solutions be found to the remaining open questions in the negotiations.Bulgaria and
43、Romania have set 2007 as their indicative date for accession.The Commission will strongly support the two countries in achieving this objective,which will continue to be guided by the principles of differentiation and own merits.The Commission will propose,on the basis of the analysis in the 2002 Re
44、gular Reports,detailed roadmaps for Bulgaria and Romania before the Copenhagen European Council.In order to prepare Bulgaria and Romania for membership in the European Union,an increased focus will be put on judicial and administrative reform.Furthermore,pre-accession assistance provided to Bulgaria
45、 and Romania should be increased considerably from the date of the first round of accessions and linked to progress in implementing the roadmaps.As the accession negotiations with all twelve negotiating candidate countries are an inclusive process,the Accession Treaty should acknowledge that the res
46、ults reached in the negotiations with those candidates which will not join in the first round of enlargement will not be put into question.Through constitutional reform and a series of legislative packages Turkey has made noticeable progress towards meeting the Copenhagen political criteria,as well
47、as moving forward on the economic criteria and alignment with the acquis.Nonetheless,considerable further efforts are needed.Against this background and in view of the next stage of its candidature,the Commission recommends that the EU enhance its support for Turkeys pre-accession preparations and p
48、rovide significant additional resources for this purpose.The Commission will propose a revised Accession Partnership and intensify the process of legislative scrutiny.It recommends renewed efforts to extend the Customs Union and improve its functioning,with a view to deepening EC-Turkey trade relati
49、ons and increasing investment flows.Turkey is encouraged to pursue its reform process and thus to carry forward its candidature for EU membership.The European Council at its meetings in Brussels and Copenhagen in October and December 2002 respectively endorsed the recommendations put forward by the
50、Commission.VI.课文讲解课文讲解1.However,none reached the scope of the current enlargement.(p.170)句中none 指代上句的four separate enlargements，并非第6段第一个词None那样是指任何国家或其他，因此理解上或翻译时都必须具体化。【参考译文】然而，没有哪一次扩张能够达到现在这次扩张的规模。2.Thirteen countries have applied to join the EU and twelve countries(all but Turkey)are actively neg
