1、1.好的教育为学生日后成功打下坚实基础，政府应该承诺为每个学生提供平等机会，特别是那些贫困家庭出身的学生。Good educationlays firm foundations for（1.为打下坚实基础）studentsfuture success（2.未来成功）.The government shouldbe committed to（3.承诺做某事）providingequality of opportunity（4.机会平等）for every student, especially for those fromdisadvantaged backgrounds（5.贫困家庭出身）.1
2、- lay firm foundations for something为打下坚实基础lay the foundations of/forto produce the basic ideas or structures from which something much larger develops打下的基础；为打下基础The two leaders have laid thefoundationsof a new era in cooperation between their countries.两位领导人为两国合作的新纪元打下了基础。He helped to lay thefounda
3、tionsof English drama.他在奠定英国戏剧的基础方面做出了贡献。外刊例句：Mr Fox helped tolay firm foundations forhousing finance in order to make cheaper loans available to more Mexicans while providing the countrys pension funds with mortgage-backed securities in which to invest. (The Economist)可供替换的表达：lay a solid foundation
4、 for something/ lay solid foundations for something/ lay the groundwork for something注意：这里foundation是可数名词，不能写成lay firm foundation for something，要写成lay a firm foundation for something或者lay firm foundations for something2-future success含义是“未来成功”外刊例句：There are scores of amazing teachers and many people
5、 grow up with fond memories of an inspirational teacher who made all the difference to their formative years. This doesnt mean, however, that they are the sole factor determining childrensfuture success. (The Guardian)注意：future success 是一个固定搭配，不能写成 futures success，也不能写成later success3-be committed to
6、 doing something承诺做某事，这里也可以写成the government should commit itself to doing somethingkmtverb(-tt-)to promise or give your loyalty, time or money to a particular principle, person or plan of action承诺，保证；（使）忠于；（使）致力于；投入（时间或金钱）R Like so many men, he has problems committing himselftoa relationship.像许多男人一样
7、，他也有用情不专的问题。The government mustcommititselftoimprovinghealth care.政府必须致力改善医疗保健服务。Once we have committedtothis course of action there is no going back.一旦我们承诺采取这个行动，就没有回头路。外刊例句：China iscommitted tomaking its currency, the yuan, fully convertible, relaxing the controls that keep foreign money out and d
8、omestic money in. (The Economist)4-equality of opportunity是一个固定表达，含义是“机会均等”，不能写成equality of opportunitiesequalityequality/ikwlti;NAmEikw-/nounU the fact of being equal in rights, status, advantages, etc.平等；均等；相等:racial / social / sexual equality种族/社会/男女平等 equality of opportunity机会均等the principle of
9、equality before the law(= the law treats everyone the same)法律面前人人平等的原则外刊例句：Anyone who sets foot in state schools regularly knows that inspirational and heroic work is happening in them every day. It is not state schools which are the obstacle toequality of opportunity, but the lack of political will
10、 to remove the unfair advantages enjoyed by the children of the privileged. (The Guardian)可供替换的表达：give every student an equal chance5-disadvantaged backgrounds是一个固定表达，含义是“贫困家庭出身”，也可以说deprived backgrounds外刊例句：Too many bright children fromdisadvantaged backgroundsfall by the wayside at secondary schoo
11、l despite achieving top results at primary level, according to analysis commissioned by the Sutton Trust. (The Guardian)可供替换的表达：from poor families2.固守陈旧观念的人觉得很难融入当代社会。Those whocling to（1.固守）outmoded beliefs（2.固有观念）find it hard tofit into（3.融入）modern society（4.当代社会）.1- cling to的含义是“固守，抓住不放”cling to s
12、thto refuse to stop believing or hoping for something 坚持，保持，死死抱住（信念或希望）Sheclingsto the hope that her husband will come back to her.她坚信丈夫一定会回到自己身边。外刊例句：Nobody shouldcling tothe old cold war logic. Nobody should argue that only a particular regime or person can guarantee a countrys stability. The only
13、 guarantee of stability is the people. (The Guardian)可供替换的表达：stick to / adhere to2-outmoded的含义是“过时的”，常见搭配有outmoded ideas/beliefsoutmodedUKatm.ddUS-mo- disapprovingadjectiveold-fashioned; no longer modern, useful or necessary过时的；废弃的；无用的Outmodedworking practices are being phased out.过时的操作规范正被逐步淘汰。外刊例句
14、：Sometimes these notions have a basis in fact, but more often theyre based onoutmoded beliefsthat dont bear any relation to the way our bodies actually work. (The Daily Mail)注意：“固有观念”不能写成traditional sense，sense的意思是“感觉，感悟”，与“观念”不同。3- fit into的含义是“与相处融洽”VERB动词与相配;与相协调;符合 If something fits something el
15、se or fits into it, it goes together well with that thing or is able to be part of it.Her daughter doesnt fit the current feminine ideal.她女儿并不符合当今的完美女性标准。Fostering is a full-time job and you should carefully consider how it will fit into your career.抚养孩子是全天候的事，应该仔细考虑如何将它与事业协调起来。Theres something abou
16、t the way he talks of her that doesnt fit.他谈论她的样子有点不对劲。另外一个类似的短语是 fit infit inphrasal verbfitting in fitted in fitted in fitted in fits into feel that you belong to a particular group and are accepted by themIts no surprise shes leaving - she never really fitted in.外刊例句：As a boy, my perception of tr
17、anssexuals was of burly men in dresses; unfortunate people who didntfit intosociety and were a source of ridicule. (The Guardian)可供替换的表达：integrate into society / become assimilated into society4- modern society是指“现代社会”，另一个相似的说法是contemporary society，它是指“当代社会”，范畴要比“现代社会”窄。外刊例句：The covenant between hum
18、anism and science has defined modern society: the latter helps people achieve the goals set by the former. (The Economist)Q：关于“观念”，似乎有许多单词可以对应，concept, idea, belief, point, perception等等。希望能得到老师的指点，知道这些词之间的差别。A: idea, concept, conception, impression, notion, thoughtAll these words denote something th
19、at exists in the mind during the processes of perceiving, thinking or willing.Ideais the most general term, applicable to almost any part or aspect of mental activity. Theideaof death is frightening to most people; I had noideaof going to the party; She has a generalideaof the cost of the repair job
20、. Aconceptis anideaof a category or kind that has been generalized from particular instances. Thus, theconceptof cat arises from the many cats we see.Conceptalso refers to a widely heldideaof what something is or should be: Theconceptof government of many small nations has been influenced by the leg
21、islative and judicial institutions of Britain. The meaning ofconceptionis much like this second sense ofconcept, but differs in that theideaof what a thing is or should be is here held by an individual or small group and is often coloured by imagination and feeling: A childsconceptionof the universe
22、 is formed by his limited experience and his own fancies. Athoughtis anideabased on intellectual activity, and is not directly attributable to a sense impression: He has manythoughtson the matter. Anotionis a vague or capriciousidea, often without any sound basis: to have anotionthat the share marke
23、t will rise. Animpressionis an idea that arises from something external. It suggests either a half-formed mental picture or a superficial view or conclusion. An infant may have theimpressionthat its father is a giant; Myimpressionis that he was lying.3.家长和老师应该纠正理科是男生专属的偏见，因为女生在这些学科上也很有竞争力。Teachers a
24、nd parents shouldcorrect the bias（1.纠正偏见）thatscience subjects（2.理科）arethe preserve of（3.的专属）boys, as girls are alsocompetitive in（4.在上有竞争力）these subjects.1- correct bias是常见搭配，含义是“纠正偏见”。外刊例句：Historians try tocorrect this biasby telling us about the masses of ordinary Romans, but rarely do we have wor
25、ks written by or about these people. (The Guardian)可供替换的表达：correct prejudice也可以说in an era of something，例如：We live in an era of instant communication.我们生活在一个信息即时交流的时代。注意：in the age of digital revolution不能写成in an age of digital revolution2-“理科”是science subjects，“文科”则是arts subjects外刊例句：The proportion o
26、f boys studyingscience subjectsis still considerably higher than the proportion of girls. (The Guardian)3-be the preserve of somebody是一个常见表达，含义是“是某人的专属”，这里也可以写成science subjects are a male preserve或者science subjects are exclusive to boys.UKprz:vUS-z:vnoun个别的行为only singular an activity which only one
27、person or a particular type of person does or is responsible for（某人或群体的）专门活动Owning racehorses is thepreserveofthe rich.拥有赛马是富人的专利。Sport used to be a malepreserve.体育曾经是男性的专利。外刊例句：It is certainly the case that I benefited from some aspects of an all girls education. I never suffered from the sense tha
28、t some subjects werethe preserve ofboys, or that being female would hold me back in any way. (The Guardian)4-competitive含义是“有竞争力的”competitive/kmpettiv/adj. 1. (with sb / sth)as good as or better than others (与)一样好的；(比)更好的；有竞争力的:a shop selling clothes at competitive prices(= as low as any other shop)
29、在服装价格上有竞争力的商店We need to work harder to remain competitive with other companies.我们必须更加努力工作以保持对其他公司具有竞争力。to gain acompetitive advantageover rival companies占有超越对手公司的竞争优势外刊例句：Surveys suggest some companies are enjoying a boost from the weak pound as it makes their goods and services morecompetitive in o
30、verseas markets.注意：competitive不能与competent混淆，competent是指“胜任的，合格的”，与competitive（有竞争力的）有所不同。Q：bias与prejudice有哪些区别？A：bias与prejudice都有“偏见”的意思，但prejudice还有一个词义，“损害”。可以参考英语常用词疑难用法手册里面的说明：prejudice无论是作为名词或是动词，最主要、最为人所熟悉的词义，就是“偏见”、“成见”，尤其是Jane Austen的著名小说傲慢与偏见(Pride and Prejudice)用了这个单词作书名，这个词义就更为人们所熟知。但是pr
31、ejudice还有一个词义，就是“损害”，它同“偏见”这个词义“本是同根生”，都是拉丁文的prae（前面，事先）+ judicium（判断），但是经过岁月演变，在好几种欧洲语文中都衍生了两个“姑表”式的不同词义。因此，遇到prejudice，要注意有时候是“害”不是“见”。【例如】. a law that operated to (in) the prejudice of blacks 一部损害黑人利益的法律 / I will do nothing to the prejudice of my brother. 任何对我弟弟有损害的事我都不做。/ When factions are carri
32、ed too high and too violently, it is a sign of weakness in princes; and much to the prejudice, both of their authority and business. (Sir Francis Bacon, The Essays) 如果派别的地位抬得太高，闹得太厉害，这就表示侯王的力量削弱了，这对他们的权威和事业都是不利的。/ These are still retained, to the prejudice of our interests, not less than of our righ
33、ts. (Alexander Hamilton. Federalist Papers，No. 15) 这些东西仍然扣在人家手里，损害了我们的利益，也同样损害了我们的权利。/ . you shall do nothing in a passion, nothing to my prejudice or to your mothers prejudice, without my knowledge and consent. (Daniel Defoe, The Fortunes & Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders). 你不可以凭一时的冲动，不事先告诉
34、我并且得到我的同意，就做出不利于我或是不利于你母亲的事情。/ As with standard legal trials, Hartmann says, the defendants will have the right to a military lawyer, the right to remain silent without prejudice, the right to examine all evidence, and the right to call witnesses. (US News & World Report, Feb. 25, 2008, p. 15) 哈特曼说，
35、同标准的司法审判一样，被告们将享有聘请一位随军律师的权利、保持沉默而不蒙受不利影响的权利、审阅所有证据的权利，以及传唤证人的权利。/ Such humble talents as God has given me I will endeavour to put to their greatest use; if I am able to amuse, I will try to benefit too; and when I feel it my duty to speak an unpalatable truth, with the help of God, I will speak it,
36、 though it be to the prejudice of my name and to the detriment of my readers immediate pleasure as well as my own. (Anne Bront, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall)上帝赐了我区区一点才能，我一定努力好好利用；如果我能够使人开心，我也会设法做到；而如果我觉得自己有义务把不合口味的真话说出来，哪怕是有损于我自己的名声，有损于读者眼前的愉快心情和我自己的愉快心情，我也一定会说出来。4.只有通过促进工业界和高等教育界的合作，政府才能成功创造就业机会。Onl
37、y through（1.只有）promoting co-operationbetween（2.促进的合作）the industrial and higher education sector（3.工业界和高等教育界）will the government succeed increating jobs（4.创造工作）.1-Only through/bycan/will是一个常见的倒装句式，含义是“只有才能”外刊例句：I learned that only through constructive political action can we fulfil the promise of a b
38、etter future in which we are able to clothe, feed, and house our families in conditions of liberty, equality and democracy. (The Guardian)注意：Only by/through在这里引导的倒装句型是Only by/throughcan the government不能写成Only by/through, the government can这里也可以使用only ifonly if (ratherformal) used to state the only s
39、ituation in which sth can happen只有:Only if a teacher has given permission is a student allowed to leave the room.学生只有得到老师的许可才能离开教室。Only if the red light comes on is there any danger to employees.只有红灯闪亮时才有危及职工的险情。但句子的结构要调整为：Only if the government promotes the co-operation between the industrial and h
40、igher education sector will it succeed in creating jobs.也可以说in an era of something，例如：We live in an era of instant communication.我们生活在一个信息即时交流的时代。注意：in the age of digital revolution不能写成in an age of digital revolution2-promote/encourage cooperation(co-operation)是常见搭配，含义是“促进合作”外刊例句：Most researchers us
41、ed to think the punishment of freeloaders was a universal human instinct that had evolved topromote co-operation. (The Economist)注意：cooperation不能与collaboration混淆。虽然两者都有“合作”的含义，但collaboration更多指在科学和艺术方面的协作。因此句子中使用cooperation会更加准确。3-sector是指“（一国经济活动的）部门，行业”，例如“金融行业”是the financial sectorsectorUKsek.trU
42、S-tnouncountable one of the areas into which the economic activity of a country is divided（一国经济活动的）部门，领域，行业In thefinancialsector, banks and insurance companies have both lost a lot of money.在金融领域，银行和保险公司都损失严重。The new governments policy is to transfer state industries from thepublicsectorto theprivat
43、esector.新政府的政策是将国有工业私有化。外刊例句：Withinthe industrial sector, manufacturing output dipped 0.1%, also missing forecasts for a 0.3% rise. (The Guardian)注意：“工业界”应该翻译为the industrial sector（注意定冠词the不能省略），不能写成industrial circles（circle是指由朋友或有相同兴趣或职业的人组成的圈子）4-create jobs是一个固定搭配，含义是“创造工作”，也可以说generate jobs / cre
44、ate employment job losses:The car industry has faced massive job losses. out of a job(=without a job):I could be out of a job if things dont improve. create jobs:The new venture will create over 1500 jobs in the area. job interview:Hes attending a job interview this morning.外刊例句：Polls suggest that voters have little confidence in Barack Obamas ability tocreate jobsvia the plan he announced last week. (The Economist)
