1、Chapter 4大作文分类&审题构思&结构（上）&首段写作,By William,目录,议论文审题议论文构思Discuss both views 这种类型的题目到底应该写几段，每段做什么？开头段思路和句式除了discuss both views 其他文章该用什么样的结构？什么时候用5段式？,Section 1议论文审题问题,复习环节,议论文的审题问题,WRITING TASK 2You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.Write about the following topic:Some people think that the in
2、ternet will replace books as the main source of information.To what extent do you agree or disagree?Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.Write at least 250 words,议论文的审题问题,WRITING TASK 2You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.Writ
3、e about the following topic:Today many children spend a lot of time playing computer games and little time on sports.Is it a positive or negative development?Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.Write at least 250 words,议论文的审题问题,WRITING
4、 TASK 2You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.Write about the following topic:It is sometimes said that people should be encouraged to get married before they are 30,as this is best both for the individual and for society.Do you agree or disagree?Give reasons for your answer and include any
5、relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.Write at least 250 words,议论文的审题问题,由于审题时不认识词汇或理解错了某个关键词汇的意思而导致的偏题虽然认识题目中所有的词，但是没有认真细想其句子想表达的真正意思而导致的偏题没有仔细看题目暗含或明示的写作方向和切入点上的要求。,Section 2议论文动笔前应该构思什么,议论文构思阶段,三构思：素材构思立场构思结构构思,素材构思,不管你写什么立场，刚开始都要双向构思，除非你之前写过一篇完全一模一样的文章！Do the advantages outweigh
6、 the disadvantages?优点和缺点都要想To what extent do you agree or disagree?同意的理由和不同意的理由Is it positive or negative?Positive在哪，negative又在哪Discuss both views and give your own opinion.这都要求的这么明显了！,Section 3Discuss both views 的三构思,此类文章的结构特点,经常会有人问William老师,议论文到底要写几段呀。是五段还是四段呢？,Discuss both views and give your ow
7、n opinion.,Some people think getting older is entirely bad.Others,however,think the life of the elderly is better than in the past.Discuss both views and give your own opinion.,素材构思,A观点:gettingolderisentirelybad支持A观点的理由：相对于年轻人来说健康状况各方面能力生活质量比较差反对理由：有更多积蓄，有更多的时间可以去享受生活B观点:betterthaninthepast支持B观点的理由：
8、业余生活比过去丰富医学的发展老年人身体状况普遍比过去好很多,立场构思,A观点:gettingolderisentirelybad支持A观点的理由：相对于年轻人来说健康状况各方面能力生活质量比较差反对理由：有更多积蓄，有更多的时间可以去享受生活你作为作者，同意还是不同意呢？B观点:betterthaninthepast支持B观点的理由：业余生活比过去丰富医学的发展老年人身体状况普遍比过去好很多 你作为作者，同意还是不同意呢？,Discuss both views and give your own opinion.,双方观点较为独立,不太冲突的情况下的结构（以同意A，反对B为例）第一段：开头段第
9、二段：观点A+理由 对观点A的反驳+理由第三段：观点B+理由第四段：总结段注：第二段和第三段的位置可以换,Discuss both views and give your own opinion.,或者开头段：背景引入观点陈述。On the one hand,一些人认为相对于年轻时期，老年生活是完全不好的。他们的理由是老年生活有诸多不便。然而，老年生活并不是全然不好的，比如他们能有更多的时间和较多的积蓄，可以享受生活，享受子孙满堂的天伦之乐等等。On the other hand,另一些人认为老年生活比过去好很多了，这是正确的，因为医疗的发展，业余生活的丰富，生活比过去确实更幸福总结段,Dis
10、cuss both views and give your own opinion.,最终结构开头段：背景引入观点陈述。On the one hand,一些人认为老年生活比过去好很多了，这是正确的，因为医疗的发展，业余生活的丰富，生活比过去确实更幸福On the other hand,尽管现在的老年生活比过去好，但是一些人仍然认为相对于年轻时期，老年生活是完全不好的，他们的理由是老年生活有诸多不便。然而，老年生活并不是全然不好的，比如他们能有更多的时间和较多的积蓄，可以享受生活，享受子孙满堂的天伦之乐等等。总结段,Discuss both views and give your own opi
11、nion.,常见反驳思路1：反例反驳适用于反驳较为绝对的观点,Discuss both views and give your own opinion.,例题2：More and more people choose online shopping.Some people think this trend will have positive influence(such as creating new jobs).However,others think it causes many problems.Discuss both views and give your opinion.有没有p
12、ositive influence？当然有有没有many problems？当然也有,Discuss both views and give your own opinion.,A观点:the trend has positive influence支持A观点的理由：带来很多方便：比如不用出门省下时间成本；能够买到更多更好的产品。B观点:the trend causes many problems支持B观点的理由：很多线下商场面临倒闭伪劣产品；售后保障不让人放心,Discuss both views and give your own opinion.,双方观点较为独立,不太冲突的情况下的结构
13、（A和B都成立）第一段：开头段第二段：观点A+理由第三段：观点B+理由第四段：总结段（A，B都对）,Discuss both views and give your own opinion.,两边都同意的时候的结构：开头段：背景引入观点陈述。On the one hand,网络购物确实给我们的生活和社会带来了很多好的影响。On the other hand,与此同时网络购物也带来了一些问题。总结段,Discuss both views and give your own opinion.,如果要对带来的坏处这一段进行反驳呢？反驳某种担忧或某件事情缺陷的常见方法：这种缺陷/担忧并不存在这种缺陷/
14、担忧只是短暂存在（或者很容易就可以被解决）这种缺陷/担忧存在，但反而是件好事没有这件事，这些问题也存在或有可能越来越严重,Discuss both views and give your own opinion.,一定程度上反对缺点的时候：开头段：背景引入观点陈述。On the one hand,网络购物确实给我们的生活和社会带来了很多好的影响。On the other hand,与此同时网络购物也带来了一些问题。比如假货问题，资金安全问题。然而，这些问题只是暂时的，目前假货问题已经通过平台规范化得到有效控制。资金安全问题也随着第三方支付平台的技术改进而没有那么严峻。总结段,Discuss b
15、oth views and give your own opinion.,双方观点较为独立,不太冲突的情况下的结构（A和B都不成立）第一段：开头段第二段：观点A+理由+反驳第三段：观点B+理由+反驳第四段：总结段（A，B都对）,互斥类题型,Some people think developing countries should invite foreign companies to open branches,offices and factories to promote their economies.Others say that they should keep the foreig
16、n companies out and depend more on their own local companies.Describe both views and give your opinion.,互斥类,互相对立的两方观点矛盾点：Should invite foreign companiesShould keep them out矛盾不可调和，只能支持一方反对一方,互斥类,遇到互斥类的题目，首先还是要构思素材应该引进外商：外商进入本地市场能够促进本地的经济发展，因为：1.国外领先的品牌领先的产品可以激活市场活力，促进消费。2.可以增强竞争带动本地企业的发展不应该引进外商：不好因为：
17、1.外商对国内企业会造成较大冲击，显著影响国内对应产品的销量，进而造成国内员工的实业。,互斥类,结构：首段主体段1：认为应该引进外商是对的：因为：外商进入本地市场能够促进本地的经济发展，1.国外领先的品牌领先的产品可以激活市场活力，促进消费。2.可以增强竞争带动本地企业的发展主体段2：与此同时有些人认为不应该引进外商，他们担心：外商对国内企业会造成较大冲击，显著影响国内对应产品的销量，进而造成国内员工的实业。However,对于某些担忧的反驳,对于某些担忧的反驳1.这种担忧并不存在2.这种担忧虽然存在，但其实是一件好事3.这种担忧虽然存在，但只短期存在4.这种担忧在不做这件事情的情况下也会存在
18、，还有可能更严重,互斥类,结构1：首段主体段1：认为应该引进外商是对的：因为：外商进入本地市场能够促进本地的经济发展，1.国外领先的品牌领先的产品可以激活市场活力，促进消费。2.可以增强竞争带动本地企业的发展主体段2：与此同时有些人认为不应该引进外商，他们担心：外商对国内企业会造成较大冲击，显著影响国内对应产品的销量，进而造成国内员工的实业。However,这样的冲击只会短时间存在，而且长期来看是件好事。随着国内企业的优胜劣汰，本地企业的竞争力会增强，有利于本地企业的发展，与此同时，员工的就业压力没有想象中的那么大，毕竟外商也需要雇佣员工，随着本地企业的崛起，它们提供的岗位也会变多。总结段,互
19、斥类,结构2：首段主体段1：有些人认为不应该引进外商，他们担心：外商对国内企业会造成较大冲击，显著影响国内对应产品的销量，进而造成国内员工的实业。主体段2：However,这样的冲击只会短时间存在，而且长期来看是件好事。随着国内企业的优胜劣汰，本地企业的竞争力会增强，有利于本地企业的发展，与此同时，员工的就业压力没有想象中的那么大，毕竟外商也需要雇佣员工，随着本地企业的崛起，它们提供的岗位也会变多。主体段3：与此同时引进外商的好处是非常明显的，因为：外商进入本地市场能够促进本地的经济发展，1.国外领先的品牌领先的产品可以激活市场活力，促进消费。2.可以增强竞争带动本地企业的发展总结段,Disc
20、uss both views and give your own opinion.,In some cities,traffic jam has become a major problem.Some people claim that the government should impose a congestion tax during rush hours.To what extent do you agree or disagree?,互斥类,构思素材：支持收拥堵税的理由税收会增加开车成本，从而迫使一部分人放弃开车，转而去选择公共交通出行方式反对收拥堵税的理由,对某种做法/措施的反驳方
21、法,想去反对某种做法，有三个常见的思维方向（反驳力度依次递减）：1.执行都执行不了2.可以执行却不会有效果3.可以执行也有效，但会带来不好的后果,互斥类,构思素材：支持收拥堵税的理由税收会增加开车成本，从而迫使一部分人放弃开车，转而去选择公共交通出行方式反对收拥堵税的理由1.高额的税收行不通，会引发广泛的反弹2.低税率可行，但是没有太大效果3.另外，收税还会带来很多问题，比如增加社会的不公平感，降低幸福感等等。,互斥类,立场：支持不收拥堵税有些人认为不应该收拥堵税高额的税收行不通，会引发广泛的反弹低税率可行，但是没有太大效果However,另外有一些人觉得应该收拥堵税，因为拥堵税能解决拥堵问题
22、.,互斥类,最终结构：开头段让步段：有一些人觉得应该收拥堵税，因为拥堵税能解决拥堵问题。反驳段1：However,有些人认为不应该收拥堵税高额的税收行不通，会引发广泛的反弹低税率可行，但是没有太大效果反驳段2：Furthermore,收拥堵税还会带来很多问题。总结段,结构思路练习,练习1：1-7.Some people think that men and women have different qualities.Therefore,some certain jobs are suitable for men and some jobs are suitable for women.To
23、what extent do you agree or disagree?,结构思路练习,练习1：首段主体段1：认为男性和女性在工作上越来越确实越来越平等了：1.科技的发展使得男性在体力上的优势变得不再重要，任何一位女性工人都可以操作机械来完成过去男人都做不了的工作。2.教育的更加平等让很多高等工作也不再是受过良好教育的男性所主宰。主体段2：然而，男性和女性仍然存在这许多的不同特质，在某些特殊行业中，这些不同仍然使得某种性别更加适合某个工作岗位。比如：时尚界的工作，有更好的嗅觉。总结段,Discuss both views and give your own opinion.,Many sci
24、entists believe that intelligent life forms may exist on other planets.Some want to send signals to make contact with them.Other scientists say that we should not do that because the life forms could be dangerous.Discuss both views and give your own opinion.,Section 4大作文常见开头段套路（通用背景句写法）,Section 1议论文
25、开头段写法讲解,议论文开头段,1.背景2.写出题目观点3.给出自己观点,Discuss both views and give your own opinion.,Some people think getting older is entirely bad.Others,however,think the life of the elderly is better than in the past.Discuss both views and give your own opinion.Given the great strides mankind made in medical scien
26、ce and the enriched leisure life,senior citizens are now enjoying a much better living environment and quality.However,the inevitable decline in ones physical strength still forces many of us to fear their own aging.From my perspective,this fear is utterly unnecessary.,议论文开头段,内容上会1.先问题目关键要点问题从何而来，比如
27、例题中，对于老年生活的负面看法是因何而起？答案就是体力和健康的下降使用的句子常常涵盖以下逻辑：因果、对比、转折因果：makes it easy for to;led to对比：the divergence between and 转折：,which from my perspective,is utterly unnecessary.,因果式背景引入,最典型代表：with the development of,.。这也是被用烂了的代表。这个短语翻译成中文实际上就是因果关系。但是究其本质 实际上涵盖的就是因果关系，所以我们用其他的可以表达因果关系的句型去替换就可以了。还有哪些可以表达因果的方式？
28、,因果表达的常见形式,1.其他连接词表因果2.谓语含因果,Discuss both views and give your own opinion.,将以下两个句子的句式调换内容保持不变：句1：Given the great strides mankind made in medical science and the enriched leisure life,senior citizens are now enjoying a much better living environment and quality.句2：However,the inevitable decline in on
29、es physical strength still forces many of us to fear their own aging.,因果表达的常见形式,1.连接词形式连词性连接词 后接句子，不打逗号介词性连接词 后接名词，名词短语，动名词副词性连接词 后接句子，但是和句子之间要打逗号,因果表达的常见形式,什么叫谓语表因果：A 动词 B例如：The booming industry has made it possible for human beings to enjoy the low price for everything that can be manufactured thr
30、ough mass production.这句话中虽然没有任何逻辑连接词，但是清晰地表达了一层因果关系：Booming industry=people can enjoy the low price.所以这句话就不要写成With the development of industry,people nowadays can,背景写作,1 因果思路 为什么有这道作文题。导致了。导致除了lead to/result in之外，还有哪些表达Give rise to。引发了如潮的。/引发了。的大量产生/兴起Bring in its wake。带来了接踵而至的。Entail。同上。很多动词实际上都含有因
31、果关系！不要一想到因果就只有lead to 哦,议论文开头段,例题：More people are using mobile phones and computers to communicate.Therefore people are losing the ability to communicate with each other face to face.Do you agree or disagree?With the development of technology,=The rapid development of technology has given rise to el
32、ectronic communication tools,因果表达的常见形式,常见的含有因果关系的动词：较简单通用的：Lead to;result in;contribute to;cause表意更准确的：Fail（让。失败）;incur（招致）;抑制/促进：curb/limit;boost/facilitate;让。可以/简单：make it possible/easy for sb/sth to;enable让。不可能/变困难：makes it impossible/difficult for to;防止/允许allow sb/sth to 强制：forcegive rise to con
33、cerns/conflicts/claims that;多到不胜枚举！其中有一些词你们会发现对于议论文很重要，如果不学会就只能用连接词了。,因果表达的常见形式,背景句中最通用的3个因果谓语：Lead to/give rise toMakes it difficult for to Makes it possible for to,Discuss both views and give your own opinion.,Some people think getting older is entirely bad.Others,however,think the life of the eld
34、erly is better than in the past.Discuss both views and give your own opinion.,因果表达的常见形式,Many scientists believe that intelligent life forms may exist on other planets.Some want to send signals to make contact with them.Other scientists say that we should not do that because the life forms could be d
35、angerous.Discuss both views and give your own opinion.太空的探索行为由何而来？,因果表达的常见形式,Many scientists believe that intelligent life forms may exist on other planets.Some want to send signals to make contact with them.Other scientists say that we should not do that because the life forms could be dangerous.Di
36、scuss both views and give your own opinion.The human curiosity about whether there are any extraterrestrial lives out there had given rise to space explorations long ago.,因果表达的常见形式,例如：obscure=makes it difficult for to understand这个词做动词时的意思是“让。变得难懂”我们利用这个词的思路是：议论文常有两方观点，其中一方可能是错的，这些人也不是故意错的，很有可能是一些社会中
37、的固有思维，现象让他们产生了错觉，形成了错误的观念那么这个时候就应该是：社会中的一些观念或现象 obscure 某种正确的理念Explains well=makes it easy for to understand,因果表达的常见形式,例：Some people think they have the right to use as much fresh water as they want,while some people think fresh water should be tightly controlled by governments,because it is limited
38、 resource.Discuss both views and give your own opinion.,因果表达的常见形式,Although we often hear about the scarcity of water,the fact that water supplies in wealthy cities are often strictly ensured obscures the threats now on water resources worldwide.,议论文开头段,这是一道可以对比的题（优缺点对比）=The rapid development of tech
39、nology has given rise to a wide range of electronic communication tools,which in many aspects bring tremendous convenience to human beings.However,some critics still claim that our ability to communicate face to face is also serious affected.,议论文开头段,1.2 在常规思路的基础上加入对抽象问题的具体化More and more people choos
40、e online shopping.Some people think this trend will have positive influence(such as creating new jobs),however others think it causes many problems.Discuss both views and give your opinion.网购=手机的铃声提醒有新的商品可以购买了,议论文开头段,1.2 在常规思路的基础上加入对抽象问题的具体化“Clang,clang,clang.”That is the sound from your smart phone
41、 possibly reminding you that there are some new and interesting products recently put on the market.Never in the history of mankind has there been so much convenience in terms of purchasing.Today,customers only have to open an online shopping application,make sure there is enough balance in their ac
42、counts and click a purchase button,then the transaction process is done in one fell swoop.,议论文开头段,1.2 在常规思路的基础上加入对抽象问题的具体化Some people think that education should help students to be useful to the whole society,while other people think that education should provide students with opportunities to achi
43、eve personal ambitions.Discuss both views and give your own opinion.,议论文开头段,1.2 在常规思路的基础上加入对抽象问题的具体化“Education,study,class,lecture,homework,presentation and etc.”Although these are key words probably once hated among the majority of us when as young teenagers for their similarity to tiredness,and co
44、erciveness,they are obviously,from an adults perspective,core process or methods that can benefit both individuals and the society as a whole.,议论文开头段,2.写出题目观点如果是互斥题目1.值得讨论的时候：Opinions still differ upon whether 2.根本不值得讨论直接表现支持其中一方观点（你反对的那一方可以不写了）如果不是互斥两边都同意的情况，although 一边对，另一边也有道理担忧方不必要：担忧（fear of）is
45、 unnecessary尽管有好处，但担忧也非常有道理。,练习,练习1：More and more people choose online shopping.Some people think this trend will have positive influence(such as creating new jobs).However,others think it causes many problems.Discuss both views and give your opinion.,结构思路练习,练习2：Some people think developing countrie
46、s should invite foreign companies to open branches,offices and factories to promote their economies.Others say that they should depend more on their own local companies.Describe both views and give your opinion.,通过转折或进一步因果给出争论点,互斥类题目背景介绍后的给出争论点方法：1.因此，。2.然而，。,通过转折或进一步因果给出争论点,Although we often hear a
47、bout the scarcity of water,the the fact that water supplies in wealthy cities are often strictly ensured obscures the threats now on water resources worldwide.,通过转折或进一步因果给出争论点,Although we often hear about the scarcity of water,the fact that water supplies in wealthy cities are often strictly ensured
48、 obscures the threats now on water resources worldwide.Therefore,opinions still differ upon whether the situation is so serious that government should strictly control water usage.,因果表达的常见形式,Many scientists believe that intelligent life forms may exist on other planets.Some want to send signals to m
49、ake contact with them.Other scientists say that we should not do that because the life forms could be dangerous.Discuss both views and give your own opinion.The human curiosity about if there are any extraterrestrial lives out there had given rise to space explorations long ago.,因果表达的常见形式,Many scien
50、tists believe that intelligent life forms may exist on other planets.Some want to send signals to make contact with them.Other scientists say that we should not do that because the life forms could be dangerous.Discuss both views and give your own opinion.The human curiosity about if there are any e
