1、高考英语,新高考专用,第三部分句法专题九并列复合句和主从复合句,知识清单并列复合句和主从复合句专讲考点一并列复合句由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起的句子叫并列复合句。常见的并列连词1.表并列关系:and,not only.but(also).等。例句She dances well and he sings well.她舞跳得好,他歌唱得好。,2.表转折关系:but,yet等。例句Honey is sweet,but the bee stings.蜂蜜是甜的,但蜜蜂会蜇人。Its a small car,yet its surprisingly spacious.这辆轿车小,然而宽敞得
2、出奇。3.表因果关系:for,so等。例句He didnt attend the meeting,for he was ill.他由于病了,没有参会。It was still painful so I went to see a doctor.那地方还疼,因此我去看了医生。,4.表选择关系:or,either.or.等。例句Either you come to my house or I go to yours.或者你到我家来,或者我到你家去。5.when可用作并列连词,意为“正在这时/那时;一就;刚就”,相当于and at this/that time。例句We were having a
3、meeting when someone broke in.我们正在开会,这时突然有人闯了进来。I was about to go out when the telephone rang.我刚要出去,电话就响了。,6.while作为并列连词,意为“而,却”,表示对比。例句He likes pop music while I am fond of classical music.他喜欢流行音乐,而我喜欢古典音乐。注意并列连词用于连接并列的单词、短语、从句或分句,既可用于简单句,也可用于复合句。,考点二主从复合句一、定语从句1.基本概念在主从复合句中作定语,修饰名词、代词等的从句叫定语从句。定语从
4、句的作用相当于形容词。例句Ill forever cherish the days when I studied abroad.我将永远珍视我在国外学习的日子。,1)先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词、代词等称为先行词,一般出现在定语从句之前。有时先行词是整个主句。例句This is the museum which was built last year.这就是去年建成的那个博物馆。They sent my child to the school every morning,which I considered a great help to me.他们每天早晨送我的孩子去学校,我认为这对我是极大
5、的帮助。,2)关系词:引导定语从句的词被称为关系词。常见关系词的分类概述见下表:,例句The boys who/that are playing football are from Class One.(从句中who/that作主语)正在踢足球的男孩们是一班的。This is the pen(which/that)he bought yesterday.(从句中which/that作宾语)这是他昨天买的那支钢笔。Ill cherish the moment when I met Lisa.(从句中when作时间状语)我将珍视我和莉萨见面的时刻。Is there a shop around wh
6、ere we can get fruit?(从句中where作地点状语)附近有没有我们能买到水果的商店?We dont know the reason why they didnt attend the meeting.(从句中why作原因状语)我们不知道他们没有参会的原因。,2.定语从句的分类1)限制性定语从句:和先行词的关系密切;不用逗号与主句分开;可用关系代词that引导;可省略关系词(that,who,which在从句中充当宾语时可以省略);只可以修饰先行词,不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分(先行词通常是名词、代词或词组);翻译成“的”。例句The area along the Yello
7、w River is the place which must be protected.沿黄河的地区是必须保护的地方。People who take physical exercise live longer.进行身体锻炼的人更长寿。(若把从句去掉,句子就失去意义),2)非限制性定语从句:和先行词的关系比较松散(是一种补充说明);一般使用逗号与主句分开;不可用关系代词that或关系副词why来引导;关系词作宾语时不可省略;可修饰整个主句或主句的一部分;往往不译为“的”。例句His daughter,who is in Boston,is coming here.他女儿在波士顿,就要来这儿了。
8、(若把从句去掉,句子完整)Peter drove too fast,which was dangerous.彼得开车太快,这是很危险的。,3.关系代词的用法1)that的用法that指代人/物(指人时相当于who/whom;指物时相当于which),在限制性定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语(作宾语时常可省略)。例句The picture(that/which)we are studying was drawn by a fifteen-year-old student.我们正在研究的这幅画是一个十五岁的学生画的。I cant recognize the person(that/who/whom)I
9、 met five years ago.我认不出五年前我见到的那个人了。I know a foreigner who/that is from South Africa.我认识一个来自南非的外国人。,2)who/whom的用法,例句He is the man who lives next door.(在从句中作主语)他就是住在隔壁的那个男子。I happened to meet the professor(who/whom)I got to know at a party in the shopping center yesterday.(在从句中作宾语)昨天在购物中心,我碰巧遇见了那位我在一
10、次聚会上认识的教授。,3)whose的用法,例句This is the scientist whose achievements are remarkable.=This is the scientist,the achievements of whom are remarkable.=This is the scientist,of whom the achievements are remarkable.这就是那位成就非凡的科学家。Id like a room whose window faces the sea.=Id like a room of which the window fa
11、ces the sea.=Id like a room the window of which faces the sea.我想要一个窗户朝向大海的房间。,4)which的用法,例句Is this the pen(which)you are looking for?这是你正在找的那支钢笔吗?The train which has just left is for Shenzhen.刚开走的那列火车是驶往深圳的。,that和which的用法辨析先行词指物时,在限制性定语从句中可作主语、表语或宾语的which和that在通常情况下可互换使用。但在下列情况下that和which却不宜互换。1.宜用t
12、hat不宜用which的情况:先行词是all,much,little,few,something,anything,everything,none,nothing等不定代词时。He did everything that he could to help us.他尽他最大努力来帮助我们。,先行词在主句中作表语,关系代词本身在从句中也作表语时。Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.上海不再是过去的那座城市了。先行词前有the only,the same,the very,any,every,no,all,few,little,much
13、等词语修饰时。Reading was the only thing that interested her.阅读是唯一使她感兴趣的事。主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。Which is the bike that you lost?哪辆是你丢的自行车?先行词既指人又指物时。I am going to talk about the countries and people that I have visited.我要谈论一下我所访问过的国家和人民。,先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。This is the best film that has been shown
14、so far in the city.这是这座城市到目前为止放映过的最好的电影。The first thing that we should do now is to find a local guide.我们现在应该做的第一件事就是找一个当地的向导。2.只用which不用that的情况:在非限制性定语从句中。在介词后。,5)as的用法as引导限制性定语从句时,主要用于the same.as.,such.as.,so.as.结构。as在定语从句中既可指人也可指物,在从句中常可作主语、宾语、表语。例句We have found such materials as are used in thei
15、r factory.我们已经找到了他们工厂里用的这样的材料。He is not the same man as he was.他和过去不同了。,as引导非限制性定语从句,其先行词是整个主句时,常译成“正如,正像”。例句As everybody knows,Shakespeare is a famous writer.每个人都知道,莎士比亚是一位著名的作家。,as和which的用法辨析(引导非限制性定语从句时)1.共同点:都可指代整个主句。2.不同点:as位置灵活,可位于主句前、中、后,which位于主句之后;as表示“正如,正像”,which表示“这一点,这件事”;as的先行词一般只能是整个主
16、句,which的先行词还可以是主句中的一部分或一个名词。As is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth once every month.=The moon travels round the earth once every month,as is known to everybody.众所周知,月亮每个月绕地球转一圈。,She is very patient,as is shown in her work.她很有耐心,正如她在工作中表现出来的一样。The weather turned out to be very fine
17、,which was more than we could ex-pect.结果天气很晴朗,这一点超出了我们的预料。The book,which I bought yesterday,is very instructive.我昨天买的那本书很有启发性。,4.关系副词的用法,温馨提示1.从句中缺少什么成分是选择关系代词或关系副词的关键,即便先行词是表示地点、时间或原因的名词,如果在定语从句中缺少主语或宾语,那么还是要选择关系代词。2.当先行词为表示“模糊地点或抽象地点”的名词,如 condition,point,po-sition,activity,case,situation等,关系词在定语从
18、句中作地点状语时,可用where引导。You could get into a situation where you have to decide immediately.你可能遇上一种情况使你不得不立刻作出决定。,3.as也可用作关系副词引导限制性定语从句,多用于the same.as结构,as在从句中作方式状语。He answered with the same simplicity as he asked.他回答问题就和提出问题一样简洁。,5.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时,关系代词常用which(指物)或whom(指人),即“介词+which/who
19、m”。1)当介词放在关系代词的前面时,关系代词which或whom不能省略。例句In the dark street,there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.在黑暗的街道上,没有一个她可以求助的人。2)在限制性定语从句中,当介词位于定语从句的末尾时,可用that/which(指物),that/whom/who(指人)作介词的宾语,而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。,例句This is the hero(that/who/whom)we are proud of.这是我们引以为荣的那位英雄。This is the p
20、en(that/which)I wrote the letter with.这是我写信用的那支钢笔。,6.定语从句中的注意事项1)定语从句中的主谓一致问题当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语动词在人称、数方面应该与先行词保持一致。例句I,who am your teacher,will try my best to help you.我你的老师,将尽全力帮助你。I didnt meet the guests who were here.我没有遇见在这里的客人。,温馨提示1.有时先行词与关系代词隔开,这时先确定先行词。Henry is doing experiments i
21、n the laboratory which are important to his study of certain chemicals.亨利正在实验室做实验,这些实验对他研究某些化学制品是很重要的。2.当先行词是“one of+复数名词(短语)”,并且关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词通常用复数形式。当“one of+复数名词(短语)”前有the only,the very等时,关系代词所代表的是一个单数的概念,所以从句中的谓语动词要用单数形式。The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of
22、 visi-tors.长城是吸引大量游客的世界著名的建筑之一。,Rumour has it that the Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.有传言说长城是地球上唯一能从月球上看到的建筑。2)way后面的定语从句如果先行词way后面的定语从句中缺少宾语,则用that,which或省略关系词。如果定语从句中缺少方式状语,则用how,in which,that或省略关系词。例句The way(how/that/in which)he explained the s
23、entence to us was not diffi-cult to understand.他向我们解释句子的那种方法不难理解。,二、状语从句在句中作状语的从句叫状语从句,由于其功能与副词非常相似,故又称作副词性从句。常见的九种状语从句和引导词(从属连词)如下:,1.时间状语从句在主从复合句中作时间状语的从句称为时间状语从句,可放在句首、句中或句尾。下面是时间状语从句常用的引导词的用法。1)when,while和as的用法when引导的从句中的谓语动词为延续性动词或非延续性动词均可;可用于表示主句动作和从句动作同时发生,也可用于表示从句动作发生在主句动作前。例句When I lived th
24、ere,I used to go to the park on Sundays.我住在那里时,星期天常去公园。,while强调两个动作同时发生,从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词。例句Please dont talk so loud while others are working.其他人工作时,请不要这么大声谈话。从属连词as可表示从句和主句的两个动作交替进行或同时发生,可译为“一边,一边”或“随着”。例句She hurried home,looking behind as she went.她匆匆忙忙回家去,一边走一边回头望。His theory proved to be correct a
25、s time went on.随着时间的推移,他的理论被证明是正确的。,2)till,until的用法“延续性动词(肯定式)+until/till”表示“动作延续到为止”。例句You may stay here until/till the rain stops.你可以待在这里直到雨停。“非延续性动词(否定式)+until/till”表示“直到才发生”。例句He wont go to bed until she returns.直到她回来他才会上床睡觉。,until用于强调句型:It is not until.that.例句It was not until you told me that I
26、 had any idea of it.直到你告诉我,我才知道这件事。温馨提示1.till不可置于句首,而until可以。Until you told me I had no idea of it.直到你告诉我,我才知道这件事。2.not until后接从句置于句首时,主句要用部分倒装结构。Not until you told me did I have any idea of it.直到你告诉我,我才知道这件事。,3)since的用法since引导时间状语从句时,表示“自以来;从以后”。从句常用一般过去时,主句用一般现在时、现在完成时或过去完成时,加强语气时可用ever since。常用句型
27、为“It is/has been+时间段+since从句”。例句I havent seen him since he left Beijing.从他离开北京之后我就再没见到他。It is two years since we arrived here.我们到这儿两年了。,since引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词一般用非延续性动词,主句动作时间的起点应为从句动作发生时;从句若用延续性动词,则主句动作时间的起点应为从句动作结束时。例句I have made great progress since I came here.我从来这儿以后取得了很大的进步。It is more than ten mon
28、ths since I worked in the city.我不在这个城市工作有10个多月了。,4)before的用法一般情况下,before表示“在之前”,但在翻译时可灵活处理。例句Before I could get a word in,he had measured me.我还没来得及插话,他就给我量好了尺寸。We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land.我们航行了四天四夜才看到陆地。Please write it down before you forget it.趁你还没有忘记请把它写下来吧。,It will
29、be+一段时间+before.多久之后才It was+一段时间+before.过了多久才例句It will be half a year before I come back.我半年之后才会回来。It was three days before he came back.三天后他才回来。,5)each/every time,next time,the last time,any time,the first time等可直接引导时间状语从句。例句Next time you come,do remember to bring your son here.下次你来这里的时候,一定记着把你儿子带来。
30、Each/Every time I was in trouble,he would come to help me.每当我处于困境,他就会来帮助我。,6)表示“一就”的引导词有as soon as,the moment,the instant,immediately,directly等;表示“刚就”的引导词有no sooner.than.,hardly/scarcely.when.等。例句As soon as he arrives,well start to work.他一到,我们就开始工作。The moment I heard the voice,I knew my father was c
31、oming.我一听到那个声音,就知道我父亲要来了。No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left.我们刚到火车站,火车就开走了。The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother.那个男孩一见到他妈妈便大哭起来。,2.地点状语从句在主从复合句中作地点状语的从句称为地点状语从句。地点状语从句的引导词有where,anywhere,everywhere,wherever等。地点状语从句表示地点、方位,通常可置于句首、句中或句尾。例句You should put the
32、balls where you can find them again.你应该把球放在下次还能找到的地方。,3.原因状语从句在主从复合句中作原因状语的从句称为原因状语从句。原因状语从句可置于句首,也可置于句中、句尾。常用的引导词有because,as,since,now that,in that,considering that等。1)区分because,as,since/now that,例句Im leaving because I am fed up with the boss.我要离开是因为我厌烦老板。Why were you absent from the meeting?Becaus
33、e I was ill.这次会议你为什么缺席?因为我生病了。Now that/Since everyone is here,we can begin our discussion.既然大家都在这儿,我们可以开始讨论了。As it was a public holiday,all the shops were shut.由于这是一个公共假日,所有的商店都关门了。,2)in that表示“因为”,常用于正式文体。例句This experiment is worth trusting in that it is based on scientific facts.这个实验值得信赖,因为它是建立在科学
34、事实基础之上的。for作并列连词表示原因的用法for表示原因,是一个并列连词,连接并列分句。它所表示的原因一般起附加说明的作用,对前面的句子进行补充。It must have rained last night,for the ground is wet.昨天晚上肯定下雨了,因为地面是湿的。,4.目的状语从句在主从复合句中作目的状语的从句叫目的状语从句,一般置于句尾,常用so that,in order that,for fear that,in case等引导。1)in order that和so thatin order that 以便/为了(可以置于主句前或主句后)so that以便/为
35、了(通常置于主句后)例句Im studying hard so that/in order that I can go to a famous university.为了能上一所名牌大学,我正在努力学习。In order that we could save time,we used the computer.我们使用计算机是为了节省时间。,2)for fear that唯恐/生怕例句Mary didnt want to get out of bed for fear that she might wake her baby(up).玛丽不想起床,担心可能吵醒她的宝宝。3)in case以防例
36、句Take your raincoat in case it should rain/it rains.带上你的雨衣以防下雨。,in case的其他用法in case也可以单独使用,放在句末,意思是“以防万一”。It may not rain,but youd better take an umbrella in case.天可能不会下雨,但你最好带把雨伞以防万一。,5.结果状语从句在主从复合句中作结果状语的从句称为结果状语从句,皆置于主句之后。常用来引导结果状语从句的有so that,so.that.,such.that.等。1)so.that.和such.that.引导结果状语从句的用法s
37、o.that.和such.that.引导结果状语从句时,表示“如此以至于”。其常见结构如下:so+that从句,such+that从句例句Theres so little time left that we have to speed up.时间所剩无几,我们只好加快速度。Kathy is such a lovely girl that we all like to play with her.凯茜是个如此可爱的女孩,以至于我们都喜欢和她玩。We had such terrible weather that we couldnt finish the work on time.天气这么糟,以至
38、于我们不能按时完成工作。,2)so that的用法so that既可引导目的状语从句,也可引导结果状语从句。在引导目的状语从句时,从句中往往含有一些情态动词,而引导结果状语从句时类似的情态动词则很少出现。引导这两种状语从句时其中的that有时可省略。例句We arrived early in the morning,so(that)we caught the first train.我们早上到得很早,所以赶上了第一班火车。,6.条件状语从句在主从复合句中表示前提或条件的从句称为条件状语从句,可置于句首,也可置于句尾,有时还可置于主语和谓语之间,其常用引导词有if(如果),unless(=if.
39、not)(如果不;除非),so/as long as(只要),in case(万一),on condi-tion that(条件是),supposing(that)(假设),provided/providing(that)(如果;假如)等。例句Youll fail the exam unless you study hard(=if you dont study hard).除非你努力学习,否则你会考试不及格。As long as you dont lose heart,you will succeed.你只要不灰心,就会成功。,I can tell you the truth on cond
40、ition that you promise to keep it secret.我可以告诉你真相,条件是你答应保守秘密。He wont be against us at the meeting provided/providing(that)we ask for his advice in advance.如果我们提前征求一下他的意见,他就不会在会上反对我们。,7.让步状语从句让步状语从句表示主句中某一动作或状态与从句中的某动作或状态在意义上有部分矛盾,主句中的情境与从句中所说情况产生的预期情境相反,但不影响事情的进行或实现。让步状语从句可置于句首,也可置于句尾,通常由though,alth
41、ough,even though,even if,as,while,疑问词-ever,“no matter+疑问词”等引导。1)though/although的用法这两个词几乎完全相同,但though不如although那么正式,两者通常可互换使用。though/although引导让步状语从句时,可与yet或still连用,更加强调对比性,但不可与but连用。though引导的从句可用倒装结构。,例句Although/Though it was raining hard,(yet)they went on playing football.虽然雨下得很大,但他们继续踢足球。Young tho
42、ugh she is,she has travelled to many countries.她尽管年轻,但已到过很多国家。2)even though/even if的用法even though/even if意为“即使,尽管”,引导的从句可用陈述语气,也可用虚拟语气。例句Tim is in good shape even though/even if he doesnt get much exercise.尽管蒂姆不怎么锻炼,但他身体不错。(陈述语气),Even if I were busy,I would go.即使我很忙,我也去。(虚拟语气)3)as的用法as引导让步状语从句时,从句一般
43、位于主句之前,采用倒装形式,可倒装名词、形容词、副词或动词。名词若带冠词,倒装时冠词需要省去。例句Try as/though you may,you will never succeed in a short time.(=Though/Although you may try,.)你虽然很努力,但绝对不会在短时间内成功。Much as/though I like it,I wont buy,for its too expensive.(=Though/Although I like it much,.)虽然我很喜欢它,但我不会买,因为它太贵了。,Top player as/though he
44、 is,he still needs to improve.(=Though/Although he is a top player,.)尽管他是顶尖球员,但他仍需提高。4)while的用法while可作从属连词,引导让步状语从句,相当于although,多用于句首。例句While I admit that there are problems,I dont agree that they cannot be solved.尽管我承认有问题存在,但我不同意说这些问题不能解决。,5)wh-ever类引导词的用法在英语中,wh-ever类的词可引导让步状语从句,相当于“no matter+相应的w
45、h-词”。例句Whenever(=No matter when)Im unhappy,it is my friend who cheers me up.不管什么时候我不高兴,都是我的朋友使我振作起来。Whoever(=No matter who)you are,you must keep the law.不管你是谁,你必须遵守法律。,温馨提示wh-ever类的词既可以引导让步状语从句,也可以引导名词性从句;“no matter+相应的wh-词”只能引导让步状语从句。Please give the money to whoever needs it most.请把钱给最需要的人。Whatever
46、 you said is right.你说的话都是对的。6)whether or not/whether.or(not)引导的让步状语从句例句Whether or not you help me,Ill do it.不管你是否帮助我,我都要做这件事。Whether you like it or not,I want to be myself this time.不论你喜欢与否,这次我要做我自己。,8.比较状语从句在主从复合句中作比较状语的从句称为比较状语从句,一般位于句尾。比较状语从句常用as,than等引导,从句中有时使用省略,只保留被比较的对象。as表示同级比较,与形容词或副词原形连用;t
47、han表示不同级比较,与形容词或副词的比较级形式连用。1)用原级表示比较原级比较的肯定式常用as.as.结构。例句There are as many people in our town as(there are)in your town.我们镇的人口和你们镇的人口一样多。,原级比较的否定式常用not as/so.as.结构。例句His handwriting is not as/so good as yours(is).他的书法不如你的好。2)用比较级表示比较用比较级比较的常用结构为.than.。例句He was more successful than we had expected.他比
48、我们预想的要成功得多。He comes to the club less often than he used to.他来俱乐部不如原来那么频繁。,另一种常用结构为“the+比较级.,the+比较级.”。例句The more careful you are,the fewer mistakes you will make.你越小心,犯的错就越少。The sooner you are back,the better it will be.你回来得越早越好。,9.方式状语从句在主从复合句中作方式状语的从句称为方式状语从句。方式状语从句一般位于句尾,有时位于句首。常用的引导词为as,as if,as
49、 though等。1)as“照方式”的用法例句The house was greatly damaged by the truck.Wed better leave it as it is un-til the police arrive.卡车严重破坏了这所房子。我们最好让它保持原样直到警察到来。2)as if/as though的用法as if或as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气,但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现,也可用陈述语气。,例句The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own grandson.这位老太太对待这个男孩就好像他
50、是她自己的孙子似的。Look!Its cloudy outside as if it is going to rain.看!外面阴云密布,看起来要下雨了。,三、主语从句主语从句即在主从复合句中充当主语成分的从句,引导主语从句的词主要有that,whether和wh-类连接词。1.that引导的主语从句1)that置于句首引导主语从句时,that在从句中不作任何成分,也没有含义,只起连接作用,不能省略。例句That the college will take in more new students is true.这所大学将要招收更多的新生是真的。,2)that从句作主语时,常用it作形式主语
