1、绝密启用前英语（二）英语（二）（科目代码：204）考生注意事项1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用 2B 铅笔填涂。5.
2、考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名2019 年全国硕士研究生招生考试2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Directions:Section I Use of English Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay awar
3、e of any significant weight fluctuations.1,when done too often,this habit can sometimes hurt more than it 2 As for me,weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active,to focusing 3 on the scale.That was bad to my overall fitness goals.I had gai
4、ned weight in the form of muscle mass,but thinking only of 4 the number on the scale,I altered my training program.That conflicted with how I needed to train to 5 my goals.I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate 6 of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym.It t
5、akes about three weeks to a month to notice significant changes in your weight 7 altering your training program.The most 8 changes will be observed in skill level,strength and inches lost.For these 9,I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule 10.Since weight lo
6、ss is not my goal,it is less important for me to 11 my weight each week.Weighing every other week allows me to observe and 12 any significant weight changes.That tells me whether I need to 13 my trammg program.I use my bimonthly weigh-in 14 to get information about my nutrition as well.If my trainin
7、g intensity remains the same,but Im constantly 15 and dropping weight,this is a 16 that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.The 17 to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health,fitness and well-being.Im experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer c
8、arry the burden of a 18 morning weigh-in.Ive also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals,19 Im training according to those goals,not the numbers on a scale.Rather than 20 over the scale,tum your focus to how you look,feel,how your clothes fit and your overall energy level
9、.-1-1.A BesidesB ThereforeC OtherwiseD However2.A helpsB caresC warnsD reduces3.A initiallyB solelyC occasionallyD formally4.A recordingB loweringC explainingD accepting5.A modifyB setC reviewD reach6.A definitionB depictionC distributionD prediction7.A due toB regardless of C aside fromD along with
10、8.A orderlyB rigidC preciseD immediate9.A claimsB judgmentsC reasonsD methods10.A insteadB thoughC againD indeed11.A trackB overlookC concealD report12.A depend onB approve ofC hold ontoD account for13.A shareB adjustC confi皿D prepare14.A resultsB featuresC rulesD tests15.A boredB anxiousC hungryD s
11、ick16.A principleB secretC beliefD sign17.A requestB necessityC decisionD wish18.A disappointing B surprisingC restrictingD consuming19.A ifB unlessC untilD because20.A obsessingB dominating C puzzlingD triumphingSection II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer
12、 the questions after each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)-2-Text 1 Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness,fear,and anger,guilt emerges a little later,in conjunction with a childs growing grasp of social and moral norms.Children arent born knowin
13、g how to say Im sorry;rather,they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends-and their own consciences.This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt,in the right amount,to be a good thing.In the popular imagination,of course,guilt still gets a bad rap.It is dee
14、ply uncomfortable-its the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones.Yet this understanding is outdated.There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,says Amrisha Yaish,a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia,addin
15、g that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions arent binary feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another.Jealousy and anger,for example,may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities.Too much happiness can be destructive.And guilt,by prompting
16、 us to think more deeply about our goodness,can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships.Guilt,in other words,can help hold a cooperative species together.It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light,guilt is an opportunity.Work by Tina Malti,a psychology professor at the Uni
17、versity of Toronto,suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency.In a number of studies,Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing.Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing mo
18、re guilt,which can rein in their nastier impulses.And vice versa:High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.In a 2014 study,for example,Malti looked at 244 children.Using caregiver assessments and the childrens self-observations,she rated each childs overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to
19、 feel negative emotions after moral transgressions.Then the kids were handed chocolate coins,and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child.For the low-sympathy kids,how much they shared appeared to tum on how inclined they were to feel guilty.The guilt-prone ones shared more,even though t
20、hey hadnt magically become more sympathetic to the other childs deprivation.Thats good news,Malti says.We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret.-3-21.Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help.A regulate a childs basic emotionsB improve a childs intelle
21、ctual abilityC foster a childs moral developmentD intensify a childs positive feelings22.According to Paragraph 2,many people still consider guilt to be.A deceptiveB burdensomeC addictiveD inexcusable23.Yaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that.A emotions are context-i
22、ndependentB emotions are socially constructiveC emotional stability can benefit healthD an emotion can play opposing roles24.Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharingA may help correct emotional deficienciesB can result from either sympathy or guiltC can bring about emotional satisfac
23、tionD may be the outcome of impulsive acts25.The word transgressions(Line 4,Para.5)is closest in meaning toA teachingsB discussionsC restnct10nsD wrongdoings-4-Text2 Forests give us shade,quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change.Even as we humans count on forests to
24、 soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce,we are threatening their ability to do so.The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.Thankfully,there is a way out of this trap but it involves striking a subtle balance.Helping
25、 forests flourish as valuable carbon sinks long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now.California is leading the way,as it does on so many climate efforts,in figuring out the details.The states proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young tre
26、es and clear brush in parts of the forest.This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity.But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture,so they grow and thrive,restoring the forests capacity to pull carbon from the air.Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects.
27、The landscape is rendered less easily burnable.Even in the event of a fire,fewer trees are consumed.The need for such planning is increasingly urgent.Already,since 2010,drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California,most of them in 2016 alone,and wildfires have burned hundreds
28、of thousands of acres.California plans to treat 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020,and 60,000 by 2030 financed from the proceeds of the states emissions-permit auctions.Thats only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit,about half a million acres in all,so it will be vital to priori
29、tize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels.New research on transportation biofuels is alrea
30、dy under way.State governments are well accustomed to managing forests,but traditionally theyve focused on wildlife,watersheds and opportunities for recreation.Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon.Californias plan,which is expected to be fina
31、lized by the governor next year,should serve as a model.-5-26.By saying one of the harder challenges,the author implies that.A global climate change may get out of control B people may misunderstand global warn血gC extreme weather conditions may arise D forests may become a potential threat 27.To mai
32、ntain forests as valuable carbon sinks,we may need to.A preserve the diversity of species in them B accelerate the growth of young trees C strike a balance among different plants D lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity 28.Californias Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to A cultivate more drought-r
33、esistant trees B reduce the density of some of its forests C find more effective ways to kill insects D restore its forests quickly after wildfires 29.What is essential to Californias plan according to Paragraph 5?A To handle the areas in serious danger first.B To carry it out before the year of 202
34、0.C To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.D To obtain enough financial support.30.The authors attitude to Californias plan can best be described as.A ambiguous B tolerant C supportive D cautious -6-Text 3 American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years.The complaints a
35、re unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that would let foreign workers stay longer in the U.S.and change jobs within the industry.If this doesnt change,American busine
36、sses,communities,and consumers will be the losers.Perhaps half of U.S.farm laborers are undocumented immigrants.As fewer such workers enter the country,the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing.Todays farm laborers,while still predominantly born in Mexico,are more likely to be s
37、ettled rather than migrating and more likely to be married than single.Theyre also aging.At the start of this century,about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35.Now more than half are.And picking crops is hard on older bodies.One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as impla
38、usible as its been all along:Native U.S.workers wont be returning to the farm.Mechanization isnt the answer,eithernot yet,at least.Production of com,cotton,rice,soybeans,and wheat has been largely mechanized,but many high-value,labor-intensive crops,such as strawberries,need labor.Even dairy farms,w
39、here robots do a small share of milking,have a long way to go before theyre automated.As a result,farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the workforce.Starting around 2012,requests for the visas rose sharply;from 2011 to 2016 the numb
40、er of visas issued more than doubled.The H-2A visa has no numerical cap,unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work,which is limited to 66,000 a year.Even so,employers complain they arent given all the workers they need.The process is cumbersome,expensive,and unreliable.One survey found that burea
41、ucratic delays led the average H-2A worker to arrive on the job 22 days late.The shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids,which remove some workers and drive others underground.In a 2012 survey,71 percent of tree-fruit growers and almost 80 percent ofraisin and berry growers said they wer
42、e short of labor.Some western farmers have responded by moving operations to Mexico.From 1998 to 2000,14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported.Little more than a decade later,the share of imports was 25.8 percent.In effect,the U.S.can import food or it can import the workers who pic
43、k it.-7-31.What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?A Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.B Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.C Flaws in U.S.immigration rules for farm workers.D Decline of job opportunities in U.S.agriculture.32.One trouble
44、with U.S.agricultural workforce is.A the rising number of illegal immigrants B the high mobility of crop workers C the lack of experienced laborers D the aging of immigrant farm workers 33.What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S.farming?A To attract younger laborers to farm wor
45、k.B To get native U.S.workers back to farming.C To use more robots to grow high-value crops.D To strengthen financial support for farmers.34.Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its.A slow granting procedures B limit on duration of stay C tightened requirements D control of annual
46、 adm1ss10ns 35.Which of the following could be the best title for this text?A U.S.Agriculture in Decline?B Import Food or Labor?C America Saved by Mexico?D Manpower vs.Automation?-8-Text4 Arnold Schwarzenegger,Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you:Its easy to beat plastic.Theyre part o
47、f a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Environment Day encouraging you,the consumer,to swap out your single-use plastic staples like straws and cutlery to combat the plastics crisis.The key messages that have been put together for World Envirornnent Day do include a call for gove
48、rnments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics.But the overarching message is directed at individuals.My concern with leaving it up to the individual,however,is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved.On their own,taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws,f
49、or example,will accomplish little and require very little of us.They could even be detrimental,satisfying a need to have done our bit without ever progressing onto bigger,bolder,more effective actions-a kind of moral licensing that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those
50、 in charge.While the conversation around our envirornnent and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws,were ignoring the balance of power that implies that as consumers we must shop sustainably,rather than as citizens hold our governments and industries to account to
