1、新文道教育科技集团北京市海淀区知春路 1 号学院国际大厦 8 层 808邮编：100086电话：400 008 6996网址：邮箱：2022 版考研英语语法长难句突破讲义主讲人：何凯文 北京外国语大学主讲人：何凯文 北京外国语大学适用对象：考研学子，四级，六级英语学习或相当英语者。课程目的：打破英语阅读学习的幻觉，真正获得一扇通向别样美丽世界的窗户，人生从此再无长难句。为翻译和英文写作夯实基础。第一部分方法论讲解英文句子阅读的实际过程是什么？中英文转化过程中在句子层面的障碍句子可以是这样的：There is something by reason of which man is man.The
2、 law is the reason free from passion.英语句子的分类：句和句简单句的定义：简单句的障碍来源简单句没有障碍的情况:1.2.3.4.5.Tom，do you take Jerry for your lawful wife,to have and to hold,from this day forward,for better,forworse,for richer,for poorer,in sickness and in health,until death do part you?1.主谓（不及物动词）I came.I saw.I conquered.The
3、 sun rises.2.主谓宾（主语+动词+宾语）(主语+动词+介词+宾语)I love you.3.主谓宾 1 宾 2I give you a book.Your diligence gives your success the possibility.Our perseverance gives our achievement the possibility.=Our perseverance gives the possibility to our achievement.4.主谓宾宾补You make me happy.His words make us delighted.5.主系
4、表新文道教育科技集团北京市海淀区知春路 1 号学院国际大厦 8 层 808邮编：100086电话：400 008 6996网址：邮箱：The winner is coming.例句：This conclusion oversimplifies.过于简单My heart aches.His words sparkle.The crisis vanishes.We survive.We should adhere to the direction.The economists subscribe to this theory.Our success depends on our partys le
5、adership.The Chief Justice presides over the hearing.The news report hints at presidents dishonesty.We embark on preparationThe law enforcement insists on the second search.The governor abides by this agreement.Many college students indulge in online games.My mom cooked a lunch for me.My mom cooked
6、me a lunch.The congress throws this dilemma to the White House.The congress throws the White House this dilemma.The authorities prefer the public to stay at home.The reporters discover the charity funds cheating the public.The globalization has college graduates facing fiercer competition.The social
7、 media leaves senior citizens vulnerable to the fake news.I am against this idea.Aflower stands in the sunshine.The affair rests a mystery.This dish tastes good.He seems rather agitated.经典：I never forgive,but I always forget.Darkness cannot drive out darkness;only light can do that.Hate cannot drive
8、 out hate;only love can do that.Hell is empty and all the devils are here.We all live in the gutter,but some are looking at stars.新文道教育科技集团北京市海淀区知春路 1 号学院国际大厦 8 层 808邮编：100086电话：400 008 6996网址：邮箱：To contend or to content,this is the problem.例题：Death is normal.The text intends to express the idea tha
9、t _.A medicine will further prolong peoples livesB life beyond a certain limit is not worth livingC death should be accepted as a fact of lifeD excessive demands increase the cost of health care例题：The ruling is a victory for big chainsWho are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingAInternet
10、entrepreneursBBig-chair ownersCThird-party sellersDSmall retailers动词单一原则：一个简单句中有且只能有一个动词。动词单一原则：一个简单句中有且只能有一个动词。凯文拿起来枪，走到了门口，打死了那支狼。Kevin taking a gun,walking to the door,kills the wolf.观察下面的句子：爱一个人意味着牺牲你自己。Love someone means sacrifice yourself.凯文拿起了枪，走到了门口，打死了那支狼。Kevin,taking a gun,walking to the d
11、oor,kills the wolf.抗争还是满足，这是一个问题。contend or content,this is the problem.他被命运摧毁了，他没有被对手击败。He was destroyed by fate,he was not defeated by rivals.天气很热，我就呆在家里了。It is hot today,I stay at home.你是我的朋友，我是你的朋友，你可以相信我。You are my friend,I am your friend,you can trust me.新文道教育科技集团北京市海淀区知春路 1 号学院国际大厦 8 层 808邮编：
12、100086电话：400 008 6996网址：邮箱：简单句的障碍来源：1.2.3.4.简单句的障碍识别及处理方法定语定语:作用和识别：作用和识别：前置定语the black mamba spiritan invisible borderone leading authorityEuropean politiciansAmerican economic systemhypocritical spectaclesthe current chaotic political climatethe intense oppositionthe ultra-low employment rate=the
13、natural jobless ratethe practical,efficient and low-cost solutionthe reasonable but unwelcome decisionthe obvious yet not the most significant reason后置定语：a book useful for the futuren.+a way to solve this probleman apple on the tablea woman picking the blackberrya picture painted by Picasso两种特殊情况：1.
14、表语形容词充当定语的时候需要放在名词后：a cat alive；the way ahead2.不定代词的定语只能后置：something importantanything wrong处理：同位语同位语作用：识别：处理：1.China is a civilized ancient nation.2.China is the second largest economy of the world.China，a civilized ancient nation,is the second largest economy of the world.新文道教育科技集团北京市海淀区知春路 1 号学院国
15、际大厦 8 层 808邮编：100086电话：400 008 6996网址：邮箱：麻雀是飞的太慢的鸟。麻雀也能飞向雪山之巅。雪山之巅是你成仙的地方。麻雀，飞的太慢的鸟，也能飞向雪山之巅，你成仙的地方。Albert Osterhaus,the head of a team of virologists in Amsterdam,determines the cause of pneumonia,Coronavirus,also the source of SARS.名词 1，名词 2The Federal Reserve,the central bank ofAmerica,raises the
16、 interest-rate.名词 1,名词 2The confidence the critical factor for success should be stressed.名词 1or名词 2The sociology or the study of social behavior attracts more attention.Eg1.The Court supported the medical principle of double effect,a centuries-old moral principleEg2.Robots will have to operate with
17、 less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisionsfor themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge.Eg3.The peer pressure usually leads to no gooddrinking，drugs，and casual sex.插入语：插入语：插入语不是独立的成分；任何成分都可以充当插入语识别：处理：插入语不是独立的成分；任何成分都可以充当插入语识别：处理：,.English learningshe saysis very important
18、.English learning,says she,is very important.English learning is very important,says she.Kevin,a handsome man,is our teacher.Your attitude,not your aptitude,will determine your altitude.This success,coupled with later research,led Ericsson to draw this conclusion.万能插入语：Rather than:新文道教育科技集团北京市海淀区知春路
19、 1 号学院国际大厦 8 层 808邮编：100086电话：400 008 6996网址：邮箱：状语：状语：作用：例句：作用：例句：She is admittedly reliable.It is painfully apparent that she is a liar.Chinas long-term modernization program understandably and necessarily emphasizes economic growth.识别：状语和定语的区别：识别：状语和定语的区别：之前没有出现名词则一定是状语。He traveled in the desert.H
20、e traveled in the desert.之前出现了名词则优先判定为定语，如果语义不通顺则改判为状语。The senator opposes the president in public.如果语义都通顺则通过语境判断。I see a man with a telescope.I see a man with a telescope.处理：处理：例 1：Using techniques developed for the offshore oil and gas industry,the DSDPs drill ship,the GlomarChallenger,was able to
21、 maintain a steady position on the oceans surface and drill in very deep waters,extractingsamples of sediments and rocks from the ocean floor.(From TOEFL authentic test)新文道教育科技集团北京市海淀区知春路 1 号学院国际大厦 8 层 808邮编：100086电话：400 008 6996网址：邮箱：例 2：A few art collectors-James Bowden of Boston,William Byrd of V
22、irginian,and the Aliens AndHamilton of Philadelphia-introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries,especially aspiring artists,and established in their respective communities the idea of the value art and the needfor institutions devoted to its encouragemen
23、t.(From TOEFL authentic test)对一种隔离结构的强调1.They maintain with a certain fidelity the principle of this school.2.He elected as his primary duty and happiness in his life the thinking activity about the moral problem.小结：定语：同位语：状语：插入语:非简单句的障碍来源非简单句的构成：非简单句的障碍解决方案关联词和主句专一原则关联词分类：1.关系代词：,2.关系连词：3.标点符号：4.并列
24、连词：主句专一原则:1.一个句子只能有一个主句，主句中没有连接词。2.一个句子中有n个分句，则只有n-1个连接词。例证：句子之间的关联方式1.并列并列并列连词的用法1.连接两个单词，词组，句子（句间的并列）2.从并列连词后往前寻找并列成分。3.并列连词表示并列的终结，放在最后一个并列对象前4.并列常常引起省略（可以是省略并列成分也可以省略连词如 and 等）例 1He drank beer,and it made him fat.例 2.It is a little upsetting to read that a certain line describes a fight between
25、a Turkish and a Bulgarian officerand to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers,Pluff!Pluff!Ahundred and eighty-five kilograms.新文道教育科技集团北京市海淀区知春路 1 号学院国际大厦 8 层 808邮编：100086电话：400 008 6996网址：邮箱：例 3.The future has arrived,and it commences now.例 4.Anew
26、technology will continue to be rejected,and with it possibly the only way to solve our problem.例 5.The connection with friends is cut off and with it the confidence to gain the information.并列连词的用法例 1 He drank beer,and it made him fat.句间的并列例 2.It is a little upsetting to read that a certain line desc
27、ribes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officerand to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers,Pluff!Pluff!Ahundred and eighty-five kilograms.（句中并列）解析：并列成分为 to read and to find例 3.Aand B,C and D.解析：并列连词表示并列的终结就意味着：Aand B 是一个并列成分和 C 以及 D 构成并列；例
28、 4.TO see the world in a grain of sandAnd a heaven in a wild flowerHold infinity in the palm of your handAnd eternity in an hour.一沙一世界，一花一天国君掌盛无边，刹那含永劫。例5.The love song of the sixth Dalai LamaTshangs-dbyangs-rgya-mtsho(1683-1707 or 1746),was the Sixth Dalai Lama of Tibet,he was also awell-acclaimed
29、poet.That day,I closed my eyes in the incense fog of the Buddhas Hall,suddenly heard the mantra from your voice;That month,I turned all the prayer wheels,not for my salvation,but for the touch of your fingertips;That year,I prostrated myself along the mountain paths,not for my pilgrimage,but for the
30、 warmth of being close to you;That life,I turned around mountains and rivers，I turned around all the Pagodas,not for earning my afterlife,but to meet with you in the way.那一天，闭目在经殿香雾中，蓦然听见你颂经中的真言。那一月，我摇动所有的转经筒，不为超度，只为触摸你的指尖。那一年，磕长头匍匐在山路，不为觐见，只为贴着你的温暖。那一世，转山转水转佛塔啊，不为修来生，只为途中与你相见2.主从复合（嵌套）主从复合（嵌套）主从复合句
31、的分类：三大从句：名词性从句：三大从句：名词性从句：主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句形容词性从句：形容词性从句：定语从句新文道教育科技集团北京市海淀区知春路 1 号学院国际大厦 8 层 808邮编：100086电话：400 008 6996网址：邮箱：副词性从句：副词性从句：状语从句常见的关联词：常见的关联词：名词性从句：关系代词：what，who，whom，which,关系连词：that,when,where,how,形容词性从句：定语从句副词性从句：状语从句状语从句类型常用连接词特殊连接词时间状语从句When,while,as,before,since,till,until,as
32、soon as1.一 些 时 间 名 词：the moment,the instant,theminute,the day,next time,every time2.一些副词：instantly,immediately,directly3.固定搭配的连词：no sooner-than,hardly-when,scarcely-when.地点状语从句WhereWherever,anywhere,everywhere原因状语从句Because,as,for,sinceSeeing that,considering that,now that,given that,inthat,inasmuch
33、as,insomuch as目的状语从句Sothat,inorderthat,thatLest,for fear that,in case,in the hope that,on purposethat,for the purpose that,to the end that结果状语从句So-that,sothat,such-thatSuch that,to the degree that,to the extent that,to sucha degree that,to such an extent that条件状语从句If,unlessSuppose,supposing,providin
34、g,provided(特别关注：supposed,provide 不用作条件从句的连词）oncondition that,so long as,as long as让步状语从句Although,though,even though,even ifWhile(一般用在句首),as(用于倒装结构),whatever,whoever,whichever,however,whenever,wherever,whether-or-,as adj.as+主谓结构用在句首比较状语从句As,thanThe more-,the more-;just as-,so-;Ais to B what/as C is t
35、o D;no more-than;notAso much as B/not so much Aas B方式状语从句as,the way状语从句的作用:The minute I see you,I fall in love with you.If youre going through hell,keep going.We should do the full preparation in case there is any possibility of change.处理办法：定语从句：定语从句的作用：今生：.I have three books of which the red is my
36、favorite.新文道教育科技集团北京市海淀区知春路 1 号学院国际大厦 8 层 808邮编：100086电话：400 008 6996网址：邮箱：前世：关系代词：定语从句的连接词：关系连词：介词+关系代词：定语从句的处理方法：Eg.1 We support this proposal which is rational.Eg.2 He is the expert to whom we are turning.Eg3.A poem line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off
37、which they both fallinto the river.Eg4.Man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text.Eg5.America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economiesthe war had destroyed.Eg 6.The sun rises that looks beautiful.Eg 7.Many consumers
38、are bothered by the swing of the stock market which investors view as the critical factor tothe booming economy.Eg8.Some provisions were overturned of which one overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.Eg9.The congressmen disagree with the decision over which the president presides.Eg10.
39、Railroad justify the theory to which many economists subscribe.Eg11.The board has campaigned to fight against the crisis,which has left us a deep impression.练习：请将下面的两个句子用定语从句写成一个句子：The ambition must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired.The educated is not least among them.The ambi
40、tion must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired,The ambition must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired,名词性从句的分类讲解：名词性从句的分类讲解：主语从句：主语从句：结构识别：(1).关系连词+句子+动词(2).It+be 动词+形容词/名词短语+关系连词+句子(3).It+不及物动词+that例子：1.That the seas are being over fished has been known for yea
41、rs.新文道教育科技集团北京市海淀区知春路 1 号学院国际大厦 8 层 808邮编：100086电话：400 008 6996网址：邮箱：2.That the plates are moving is not beyond dispute.3.What happened on the GuangMingDing will be forever etched in zhangwujis memory.4.It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily,make
42、distinctions,reason logically,and make use of verbal and mathematical symbol in solving problems.人们普遍认为，高智商的人有这样一些特点：理解力强，辨别力强，逻辑推理能力强，并且在解决问题的过程中善于利用文字或数学符号。It is clear that 显然；it is possible that 很可能It is likely that 很可能；it is natural that 很自然It is certain that 可以相信；it is strange that 奇怪的是It is fo
43、rtunate that幸运的是；it is necessary that 有必要的是5.It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in wantof a wife.(Pride and Prejudice)It is a pity that 可惜的是It is a fact that It is a good news that 真是太好了 It is a good thing that 真是件好事It is no wonder that 难
44、怪It is a shame that 遗憾的是/真是太不像话了It is an honor that 真荣幸It is common knowledge 是常识It is my belief that 我相信It is a miracle that 真是奇迹7.It seemed that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that occurredthrough all the Western world since the time of the Industrial R
45、evolution.It seems that 似乎，It follows that因此It happens that碰巧，It turns out that结果,宾语从句宾语从句结构识别：（1）动词+关联词+句子（2）动词+宾语 1+关联词+句子（3）介词+关联词+句子（4）动词+it 形式宾语+宾补+关联词+句子例子：1.I have learned that love,not time,heals all wounds.2.Xiaoguaishou assured Oatman that he had no intention of offending him.3.The test of
46、 any democratic society,”he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column,lies not in how well itcan control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possiblelatitude.”他在华尔街日报的一个专栏写道：“对于任何民主社会的检验不在于它能多有效的控制言论的自由表达，而在于它能否最大限度的赋予思想自由和表达自由.4.we must make it clear that the
47、 parties involved are to make every effort to curb the pollution.我们必须强调清楚，有关方面应该尽一切努力来治理污染。表语从句表语从句结构的识别：系动词+关联词+句子例子：The reason for my return isI left my keys behind.(because/that)新文道教育科技集团北京市海淀区知春路 1 号学院国际大厦 8 层 808邮编：100086电话：400 008 6996网址：邮箱：同位语从句：同位语从句：结构识别：名词+that+句子例子：I have a dream that one
48、 day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed-we holdthese truths to be self-evident,that all men are created equal.I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia,sons of former slaves and sons of formerslave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table o
49、f brotherhood.I have a dream that one day,even the state of Mississippi,a state sweltering with the heat of injustice,sweltering with the heat of oppression,will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.I have a dream my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will n
50、ot be judged by thecolor of their skin but by the content of their character.I have a dream today!From I Have a Dream Martin Luther Kin层次化句子阅读法:1.层次化结构的表示形式3.完整信息链法缘起：主谓隔离：谓宾隔离：解决之道：例 1：However,for many years,physicists thought thatatoms and molecules always were much more likely toemit light sponta
