1、绝密启用前2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）(科目代码：201)考生注意事项1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用
2、2B铅笔填涂。5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。(以下信息考生必须认真填写)考生编号考生姓名Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank andmark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others isone of those hypothese
3、s that dare not speak its name.But Gregory Cochran is1 to say it anyway.He is that 2 bird,a scientist who worksindependently 3 any institution.He helped popularize the idea that somediseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections,which aroused much controversy when it was f
4、irst suggested.5 he,however,might tremble at the 6 of what he is about to do.Together with another two scientists,he is publishing a paper which not only7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others,but explainsthe process that has brought this about.The group in 8 are a particula
5、rpeople originated from central Europe.The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test,9 12-15 points above the10 value of 100,and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and culturallife of the West,as the 12 of their elites,including several world-renownedscientists,13.The
6、y also suffer more often than most people from a number ofnasty genetic diseases,such as breast cancer.These facts,14,have previouslybeen thought unrelated.The former has been 15 to social effects,such as astrong tradition of 16 education.The latter was seen as a(an)17 of geneticisolation.Dr.Cochran
7、 suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately18.His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 them tounique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.英语（一）试题，1，（共14页）21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?A.
8、Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.B.Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.C.Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.D.Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22.Dr.Yehudas research suggests that womenA.need extra doses of chemic
9、als to handle stressB.have limited capacity for tolerating stressC.are more capable of avoiding stressD.are exposed to more stress23.According to Paragraph 4,the stress women confront tends to beA.domestic and temporaryB.irregular and violentC.durable and frequentD.trivial and random24.The sentence
10、I lived from paycheck to paycheck.(Line 6,Para.5)showsthatA.Alvarez cared about nothing but making moneyB.Alvarezs salary barely covered her household expensesC.Alvarez got paychecks from different jobsD.Alvarez paid practically everything by check25.Which of the following would be the best title fo
11、r the text?A.Strain of Stress:No Way Out?B.Responses to Stress:Gender DifferenceC.Stress Analysis:What Chemicals SayD.Gender Inequality:Women Under Stress英语（一）试题.4.（共14页)Text 2It used to be so straightforward.A team of researchers working together in thelaboratory would submit the results of their r
12、esearch to a journal.A journal editorwould then remove the authorsnames and affiliations from the paper and send it totheir peers for review.Depending on the comments received,the editor wouldaccept the paper for publication or decline it.Copyright rested with the journalpublisher,and researchers se
13、eking knowledge of the results would have tosubscribe to the journal.No longer.The Internet-and pressure from funding agencies,who arequestioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it-is making free access to scientificresults a realit
14、y.The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences ofthis.The report,by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia andGraham Vickery of the OECD,makes heavy reading for publishers who have,sofar,made handsome pro
15、fits.But it goes further than that.It signals a change inwhat has,until now,been a key element of scientific endeavour.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in researchdepends,in part,upon wide distribution and ready access.It is big business.InAmerica,the core scientific pu
16、blishing market is estimated at between$7 billion and$11 billion.The International Association of Scientific,Technical and MedicalPublishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing inthese subjects.They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000jour
17、nals.This is now changing.According to the OECD report,some 75%ofscholarly journals are now online.Entirely new business models are emerging;three main ones were identified by the reports authors.There is the so-called bigdeal,where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of onlinej
18、ournal titles through site-licensing agreements.There is open-access publishing,typically supported by asking the author(or his employer)to pay for the paper tobe published.Finally,there are open-access archives,where organizations suchas universities or international laboratories support institutio
19、nal repositories.Othermodels exist that are hybrids of these three,such as delayed open-access,wherejournals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months,beforemaking it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.All this could changethe traditional form of the peer-review process,at least for the publication ofpapers.英语（一）试题.5.（共14页）
