1、It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them:the need for creative expression.There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create,express,fashion,and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge;(46)Yet when one looks at the photo
2、graphs of the garden created by the homeless,it strikes one that,for all their diversity of styles,these gardens speak os various other fundamental urges,beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence,a“still p
3、oint of the turning world,”to borrow a phrase from T.S.Eliot.(47)A sacred place of peace,however crude it may be,is a distinctly human need,as opposed to shelter,which is a distinctly animal need.This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking,as it is for these unlikely gardens,the
4、foemer becomes all the more urgent.Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of ones relation to ones environment.(48)The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didnt exist or was not discernible as su
5、ch.In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to,or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us.When we are deprived of green,of
6、plants,of trees,(49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions,until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic.In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unf
7、easible,yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials,an institution of colors,small pool of water,and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals.On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference,at some basic lev
8、el,seems to be the natural world.(50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a“liberated”sense,to describe these synthetic constructions.It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals,and began to read
9、 scientific papers from beginning to end,that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was.I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper:the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than thos
10、e who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.(46)There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which,when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press,generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published?A recen
11、t paper,titled“The Natural Selection of Bad Science”,published on the Royal Societys open science website,attempts to answer this intriguing and important question.It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science,but that our current system of career advancement positively encourage
12、s it.What is important is not truth,but publication,which has become almost an end in itself.There has been a kind of inflationary process at work:(47)nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10
13、 years ago.Never mind the quality,then,count the number.(48)Attempts have been made to curb this tendency,for example,by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicants papers.This is the famed citation index,that is to say the number of times a
14、 paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature,the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account.(49)This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications,or
15、 get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.Boiling down an individuals output to simple metrics,such as number of publications or journal impacts,entails considerable savings in time,energy and ambiguity.Unfortunately,the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to as
16、sess researcher merit are likely to be quite great.(50)If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible,we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.2019年英语一阅读text 1 Text 1 Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule
17、 on the bosses of big banks.Starting next year,any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing.The main purpose of this“clawback”rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial
18、 institution.Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit:more long term decision-making not only by banks but also bu all corporations,to build a stronger economy for future generations.Text 1“Short-termism”or the desire for quick profits,has worsened in publicly traded companies,says the Bank
19、 of Englands top economist.Andrew Haldane.He quotes a giant of classical economies,Alfred Marshall,in describing this financial impatience as acting like“Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once”rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.Text 1 The average time for h
20、olding a stock in both the United States and Britain,he notes,has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades.Transient investors,who demand high quarterly profits from companies,can hinder a firms efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty.This has been d
21、ubbed“quarterly capitalism”.Text 1 In addition,new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities,quicker use of information,and thus shortens attention spans in financial markers.“There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,”said C
22、ommissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in speech this week.Text 1 In the US,the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year,slightly helping reduce“short-termism.”In its latest surve
23、y of CEO pay,The Wall Street Journal finds that“a substantial part”of executive pay is now tied to performance.Text 1 Much more could be done to encourage“long-termism,”such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions.In France,shareholders who hold onto a company investm
24、ent for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies,the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders.Britains new rule is a reminder to bankers that society h
25、as an interest in their performance,not just for the short term but for the long term.Text 1 22.Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate_.A.the conditions for generating quick profits B.governments impatience in decision-making C.the solid structure of publicly traded companies D.“short-termism”in econ
26、omics activities Text 1 23.It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be_.A.indirect B.adverse C.minimal D.temporary Text 1 24.The US and France examples are used to illustrate_.A.the obstacles to preventing“short-termism”.B.the significance of long-term thinking
27、.C.the approaches to promoting“long-termism”.D.the prevalence of short-term thinking.Text 1 25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.Failure of Quarterly Capitalism B.Patience as a Corporate Virtue C.Decisiveness Required of Top Executives D.Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 1 21.According to Paragraph 1,one motive in imposing the new rule is the_.A.enhance bankers sense of responsibility B.help corporations achieve larger profits C.build a new system of financial regulation D.guarantee the bonuses of top executives 微博：宋逸轩 微信公号：逸轩英文
