1、文内引用和参考文献格式文内文献引用与文后参考文献格式本科毕业论文是一种学术论文,引用他人的研究成果是必不可少的。无论引用什么文献资料,无论采用何种论文格式,都必须准确、完整地提供引用出处。否那么,就会构成“剽窃。引用包括引用别人的概念、措辞、数据、观点等。某些公认的事实,家喻户晓的谚语、格言等无需标注。文献引用必须注明出处,这直接反映论文作者对所涉领域的把握和治学态度。文献引用应遵照以下标准:引用标准:按专业方向的不同一般分为两类:MLA(Modern Language Association,人文科学常用)APA (American Psychological Association,社会科
2、学常用)区别在于次序、大小写、缩写、标点等细节上。我校英语专业本科学位论文撰写统一按APA要求,格式上应做到前后一致。一、文内文献引用格式引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用,这两种引用方式都要加上相应的注释,用来注明所引文字的作者和出处。(一)直接引用直接引用指逐字逐句,一字不差,一字不漏地引用。直接引用可以证明观点或文字的权威性,可以保存所引内容的原始文字,也可以强调所引内容的准确性。直接引用时,引文要尽可能简短,如果引文过长,即超过半页,要把引文放到附录局部,并在文中说明。直接引用是引用原话,必须用引号,并且除了标明作者和出版年以外,还要标明具体页码,p.与数字之间有空格,如下所
3、示:Darwin used the metaphor of tree to express the other form of interconnectedness genealogical rather than ecological (Gould, 1989, p. 14).如果在正文中提到你要引用的作者,而且是直接引用,那么需紧随其姓氏后用括号标明出版年,然后在引用的引号后用括号标明具体页码,如下所示:Gould (1989) explains that Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life to explain the other f
4、orm of interconnectedness genealogical rather than ecologicaland to illustrate both success and failure in the history of life (p. 14).直接引用本卷须知1、双引号表示直接引语,单引号只用来标注引语中的引语,如下所示:正确:Researchers claim that the question of indefiniteness does not arise for non-referential noun phrase (Thompson, 1981, p. 1
5、29).错误:Res earchers claim that the question of indefiniteness does not arise for non-referential noun phrase (Thompson, 1981, p. 129).2、引语不得使用斜体或粗体来表示。3、引文出处使用括号夹注的方法(一般不使用脚注或者尾注)。4、短于三行的一句或者短于一句的引语应该写入正文,并且用双引号标明。正文中,括号夹注放在句末标点以内,但不得放在引文的引号以内(见下例)。标准:Her idea is further confirmed that“people think
6、her odd and that nobody loves and admires her(Fountain, 1988, p. 33).不标准:Her idea is further confirmed that people think her odd and that nobody loves and admires her. (Fountain, 1988, p. 33)Her idea is further confirmed that people think her odd and that nobody loves and admires her (Fountain, 1988
7、, p. 33).5、直接引用中的标点符号:直接放在论文之中的引用局部要括入双引号,双引号放在分号之前,如下所示:Oscar Wilde wrote that unselfish people are colorless; however, most would agree w ith William Gladstone that selfishness is the greatest curse of human race (Slade, 2000, p. 69).感慨号和问号的位置分两种情况:如果标点符号属于引文,放在引号之前;如果标点符号属于所写论文,那么放在引号之后。例如引文是疑问句那
8、么问号应放在引号之内,否那么问号应放在引号之外。正确:Where does Whitman speak of the meaning of poems错误:Where does Wh itman speak of the meaning of poems6、正文中的中文引文应提供英文译文。7、三行或以上的引语作为独立的引语段(block quotation),引语段的括号夹注不属于单句,因而不得将其放在句末的标点以内,如下所示:constantly as a source of consolation, Wordsworth (1798) projected his hunger for a
9、peace of mind into the river imageThou wanderer through the woods,How often has my spirit turned to thee! (p. 156)In the Romantic poets mind, the Wye, an indicator of the nurturing nature as opposed to the bustling worldly life, also embodies his nostalgia for the remote past as These wat er注意以下格式:引
10、语段可以用单倍行距,但其首行和末行应与正文空1.5行。引语段左右两边均应较正文缩进5格的距离。如果引语段原为一自然段,那么其首行应进一步缩进4至5格的距离。引语段的段首和段尾不得使用引号。引语段的字体必须与正文相同。8、为了行文的流畅,在引用时要采用恰当的导入引用方式。导入中应该包括原文的内容和引用的理由。引文的导入应该是论文语言和引文语言之间流畅自然的过渡。另外,引文导入中应该包括引文作者的名字(第一次引用时用全名,以后再提到时只用姓氏)和作者的职业或地位等(第一次引用时必须说明,以后再引时,必要或需要强调时说明,否那么可省略)。例如:James Holmes第一次引用时用全名, a gre
11、at translators of poetry across several languages and distinguished scholar of translation作者的职业或地位, attempted to produce a basic set of categories for verse translation. He listed a series of basic The first such strategy he callsmimetic form,The second strategy outlined by Holmes再提到时只用姓氏involves a
12、formal shift (Bassnett & Lefevere, 1992, p. 62)(二)间接引用间接引用是不引用别人的原话,而用自己的话转述别人的主要意思,也叫转述。这种引用不能用引号标示。间接引用是用最恰当的词句以释义(paraphrase)和概括(summarize)的方式援引原作者的概念、观点和表达。释义(paraphrase)是用不同的表达方式阐释原文含义,使之更加简洁、明了。常用的方法有删除次要信息;使用同义词、反义词等;采用注释性说明;改换说法,如改变陈述角度或顺序等。概括(summarize)是将整篇文献概括为几句话,甚至一两句话。1、引用整篇文献的观点引用整篇文献(
13、即全书或全文)观点时有两种情况:一种是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现。不引用原话,就不用引号,如果在正文中没有提到要引用的作者,那么需在引用结束时用括号标明作者和出版年,如:As metaphors for the workings of nature, Darwin used the tangled bank, the tree of life, and the face of nature (Gould, 1989).另一种情况是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现,按APA的标准那么没有必要在括号夹注中重复作者的姓,只需标明出版年,要紧随其姓氏后用括号标明。如:Gould (1989) attr
14、ibutes Darwins success to his gift for making the appropriate metaphor.如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现,按APA的标准不需使用括号夹注,如:In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期
15、刊,括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏,不得使用汉字,如:(Zhang, 2022)2、引用多位作者写作的同一文献如果你要引用有两个作者的著作,要标明两个作者的姓氏。在括号中出现,可以用&符号。在正文中出现,那么必须用and。Sexual-selection theory has been used to explore patterns of insect mating (Alcock & Thornhill, 1983).Alcock and Thornhill (1983) also demonstrate.如果你要引用有3-5个作者的著作,第一次引用时,列出所有的姓氏,以后引用时,只列出第一位作者的姓氏,后面就不用都列了,用et al.(拉丁文and others)表示就可以了。Scientists have isolated a gene connected to circadian rhythms in plants (Millar, Straume, Chory, Chua & Kay, 1995). They identified the mutations that activated light-dependent pathways (Millar, et al., 1995).如果你要引用有5个以上作者的著作,不管是在第一次还是随后的引用,都只列