1、Designation:E 1501 99e1Standard Specification forNighttime Photometric Performance of RetroreflectivePedestrian Markings for Visibility Enhancement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1501;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in
2、 the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEEditorial changes made throughout in September 2000.INTRODUCTIONThe use of appropriate retror
3、eflective markings can significantly enhance the night visibility andsafety of the user.As the first in a series addressing overall visibility for individual safety,this standardis intended to establish minimum retroreflective performance requirements and test methods forretroreflective pedestrian m
4、arkings.1.Scope1.1 This specification covers the performance of retroreflec-tive markings to be used on objects worn by pedestrians for thepurpose of enhanced conspicuity.It addresses conspicuity fromviewpoints around the entire object,and it allows for freedomof design of the markings so long as th
5、e minimum require-ments are achieved.Objects include but are not limited tojackets,shirts,vests,trousers,socks,backpacks,hats,andfootwear.An adjustment for the brightness/luminance ratio asa function of color is also made.1.2 This specification applies only to nighttime viewingconditions in which th
6、e observer is positioned near a source ofillumination.The most common example is that of a motorvehicle operator seeing by means of the light from theheadlamps of the vehicle.1.3 This specification describes the minimum retroreflectiveperformance required for a reasonable level of nighttimeconspicui
7、ty.It does not address potentially diminished perfor-mance of retroreflective markings that may be experiencedwith general storage,use,wear,and care.1.4 SI(metric)units shall be used in referee decisions underthis specification.1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to speci-fying material
8、s by this standard specification.Although themarkings described in this specification are intended to signifi-cantly enhance safety through increased conspicuity undermost conditions of illumination and viewing of the typedescribed in 1.2 above,they do not guarantee significantlyenhanced conspicuity
9、 under all such conditions.Individualsexposed to adverse weather conditions or associated with highlevels of vehicular or hazards exposure may require other typesor amounts of retroreflective markings.This standard does notpurport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associatedwith its use.I
10、t is the responsibility of the user of this standardto establish appropriate safety and health practices anddetermine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior touse.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E 284 Terminology of Appearance2E 808 Practice for Describing Retroreflection2E 809 P
11、ractice for Measuring Photometric Characteristicsof Retroreflectors2E 811 Practice for Measuring Colorimetric Characteristicsof Retroreflectors Under Nighttime Conditions2F 923 Guide Properties of High Visibility Materials Used toImprove Individual Safety22.2Other Standards:Publication CIE No.54,Ret
12、roreflectionDefinitions andMeasurements,Central Bureau of the CIE,Vienna,198233.Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms relating to retroreflec-tion in Terminology E 284,Practice E 808,and Guide F 923are applicable to this specification.3.1.1 coeffcient of luminous intensity,RI,nof a retrore-
13、flector,ratio of the luminous intensity(I)of the retroreflector inthe direction of observation to the illuminance(E)at the1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-12 on Colorand Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.08 on HighVisibility Materials fo
14、r Individual Safety.Current edition approved Nov.10,1999.Published January 2000.Originallypublished as E 150192.Last previous edition E 1501921.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 06.01.3Available from the USNCCIE Publications Office,c/o Mr.Thomas M.Lemons,TLA-Lighting Consultants,7 Pond Street,Salem
15、,MA 01970-4819.1Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.retroreflector on a plane perpendicular to the direction of theincident light,expressed in candelas per lux(cdlx1).RI=(I/E).3.1.2 conspicuity,nthe characteristics of an object
16、 thatdetermine the likelihood that it will come to the attention of anobserver.3.1.3 observation angle,a,nin retroreflection,angle be-tween the illumination axis and the observation axis.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe observation angle is always posi-tive and is restricted to small acute angles.3.1.4 observation half-plane,nthe half-plane that origi-nates on the line of the illumination axis and contains theobservation axis.3.1.5 pedestrian,nany person on foot(standing or mov-ing)who is located on a high
