1、Designation:E 1422 05Standard Guide forTest Methods for Forensic Writing Ink Comparison1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1422;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in
2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis guide is intended to be a general guide for forensic ink examinations,both for the experienceddocument examiner(E 444)and for forensic ink com
3、parison specialists.The aim is to include thosetechniques that will provide the most information about an ink with the least damage to the document.Therefore,this guide refers to well-reported and thoroughly tested techniques currently in use bydocument examiners in general practice and dedicated fo
4、rensic ink comparison facilities.By following the procedures outlined here,an examiner can accurately discriminate ink formulasand reduce the possibility of false matches of ink samples from different sources or incorrectdifferentiation of ink samples with a common origin.1.Scope1.1 This Guide is in
5、tended to assist forensic examinerscomparing writing or marking inks.Included in this analysisscheme are the necessary tools and techniques available toreach conclusions as to the common or different origin of twosamples of ink.1.2 Identifying ink formulas as to their manufacturer or timeof manufact
6、ure as well as performing ink dating examinationsare beyond the scope of this guide.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and de
7、termine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell Sys-temE 131 Terminology Relating to Molecular SpectroscopyE 284 Terminology of AppearanceE 444 Descriptions of Scope of Work Relating to Fo
8、rensicDocument Examiners2.2NIST Standards:NBS Standard Sample No.2106 ISCC-NBS Centroid ColorCharts3NBS Special Pub.440Color:Universal Language andDictionary of Names33.Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 batch to batch variationwithin an ink formulation,difference in the concentration of a component o
9、f an inkformula due to deviations during production that are within themanufacturers tolerance limit.3.1.2 chromatographya method of separating substancesthat is widely used in analytical and preparative chemistry.Itinvolves the flow of a liquid or gas mobile phase over a solidor liquid stationary p
10、hase.As the mobile phase flows past thestationary phase,a solute will undergo repeated adsorption anddesorption and move along at a rate depending,among otherfactors,on its ratio of distribution between two phases.If theirdistribution ratios are sufficiently different,components of amixture will mig
11、rate at different rates and produce a charac-teristic pattern(chromatogram).3.1.3 fluorescencea process by which radiant flux ofcertain wavelengths is absorbed and reradiated nonthermally atother,usually longer,wavelengths.(E 284)3.1.4 infrared(IR)referring to radiant flux having wave-lengths longer
12、 than the wavelengths of light,usually wave-lengths from about 760 nm to about 3 mm.(E 284)3.1.5 lightelectromagnetic radiant energy that is visuallydetectable by the normal human observer,radiant energyhaving wavelengths from about 380 nm to about 780 nm.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of AST
13、M Committee E30 on ForensicSciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.02 on QuestionedDocuments.Current edition approved Dec.1,2005 Published January 2006.Originallyapproved in 1991.Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E 1422 01.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM w
14、ebsite,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from U.S.Department of Commerce,National Bureau of StandardReference Materials,R.B311,Chemistry Buildi
15、ng,Gaithersburg,MD 20899.1Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.(E 284)3.1.6 luminescencethe emission of radiant energy duringa transition from an excited electronic state of an atom,molecule or ion to a lower electronic state.(E
16、 131)3.1.7 metamersspecimens differing in spectral reflectancebut having colors that match in light of one spectral composi-tion,when viewed by one observer,but may not match in lightof other spectral compositions,or when viewed by anotherobserver.(E 284)3.1.8 spectroscopyin the most general sense spectroscopyis the study of the absorption or emission of electromagneticenergy by a chemical species as a function of the energyincident upon that species.3.1.9 sourcean object that produces light or
