1、Designation:E238511(Reapproved 2016)Standard Guide forEstimating Wildlife Exposure Using Measures of HabitatQuality1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2385;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of
2、 last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 Ecological Risk Assessments(EcoRAs)typically focuson valued wildlife populations.Regulatory authority for con-ducting EcoR
3、As derives from various federal laws forexample,Comprehensive Environmental Response,Compen-sation and Liability Act 1981,(CERCLA),Resource Conser-vation Recovery Act(RCRA),and Federal Insecticide,Fungicide,and Rodenticide Act,(FIFRA).Certain proceduresfor conducting EcoRAs(1-4)2have been standardiz
4、ed E1689-95(2003)Standard Guide for Developing Conceptual SiteModels for Contaminated Sites;E1848-96(2003)StandardGuide for Selecting and Using Ecological Endpoints forContaminated Sites;E2020-99a Standard Guide for Data andInformation Options for Conducting an Ecological Risk As-sessment at Contami
5、nated Sites;E2205/E2205M-02 StandardGuide for Risk-Based Corrective Action for Protection ofEcological resources;E1739-95(2002)Standard Guide forRisk-Based Corrective Action Applied at Petroleum ReleaseSites.Specialized cases for reporting data have also beenstandardized E1849-96(2002)Standard Guide
6、 for Fish andWildlife Incident Monitoring and Reporting as have samplingprocedures to characterize vegetation E1923-97(2003)Stan-dard Guide for Sampling Terrestrial and Wetlands Vegetation.1.2 Most states have enacted laws modeled after the federalacts and follow similar procedures.Typically,estimat
7、es oflikely exposure levels to constituents of potential concern(CoPC)are compared to toxicity benchmark values orconcentration-response profiles to establish the magnitude ofrisk posed by the CoPC and to inform risk managers consid-ering potential mitigation/remediation options.The likelihoodof exp
8、osure is influenced greatly by the foraging behavior andresidence time of the animals of interest in the areas containingsignificant concentrations of the CoPC.Foraging behavior andresidence time of the animals are related to landscape features(vegetation and physiognomy)that comprise suitable habit
9、atfor the species.This guide presents a framework for incorpo-rating habitat quality into the calculation of exposure levels foruse in EcoRAs.1.3 This guide is intended only as a framework for usingmeasures of habitat quality in species specific habitat suitabil-ity models to assist with the calcula
10、tion of exposure levels inEcoRA.Information from published Habitat Suitability Index(HSI)models(5)is used in this guide.The user should becomefamiliar with the strengths and limitations of any particular HSImodel used in order to characterize uncertainty in the exposureassessment(5-7).For species th
11、at do not have publishedhabitat suitability models,the user may elect to develop broadcategorical descriptions of habitat quality for use in estimatingexposure.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E1689 Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models forContaminated SitesE1739 Guide for Risk-Based
12、Corrective Action Applied atPetroleum Release SitesE1848 Guide for Selecting and Using Ecological Endpointsfor Contaminated SitesE1849 Guide for Fish and Wildlife Incident Monitoring andReportingE1923 Guide for Sampling Terrestrial and Wetlands Vegeta-tion(Withdrawn 2013)4E2020 Guide for Data and In
13、formation Options for Conduct-ing an Ecological Risk Assessment at Contaminated SitesE2205/E2205M Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action forProtection of Ecological Resources3.Terminology3.1 The words“must,”“should,”“may,”“can,”and“might”have specific meanings in this guide.“Must”is used to express1
14、This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment,Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate.Current edition approved Feb.1,2016.Published May 2016.Originallyapproved i
15、n 2004.Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E238511.DOI:10.1520/E2385-11R16.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.3For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For A
16、nnual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 an absolute requirement,that is,to state that the test ought tobe designed to satisfy the specified condition,unless thepurpose of the test requires a different design.“Should”is usedto state tha
