1、Designation:D709904(Reapproved 2018)Standard Terminology Relating toFrozen Soil and Rock1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7099;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in
2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This terminology includes all of those terms whichrelate to frozen soils and rocks.1.2 It is based on:a list of definitions drawn up by ASTMSub-Commi
3、ttee D18.19;ASTM standards;a list of definitionsdrawn up by the Canadian Geomorphology Research Group(CGRG);the Glossary of Permafrost and Related Ground-IceTerms developed by the National Snow and Ice Data Center(NSIDC),at the University of Colorado,at Boulder;the Keysto Soil Taxonomy of the United
4、 States Department of Agricul-ture(USDA);and contributions by a number of individuals.1.3 For all of the terms included,the source is included inparentheses after the definition.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibi
5、lity of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety,health,and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization es
6、tablished in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil,Rock,and ContainedFluidsD4083
7、Practice for Description of Frozen Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)2.2 Other References:Harris,S.A.,French,H.M.,Heginbottom,J.A.,Johnston,G.H.,Ladanyi,B.,Sego,D.C.,and van Everdingen,R.O.,1988,Glossary of Permafrost and Related Ground-IceTerms,Technical Memorandum,Associate Committee onGeotechnical Re
8、search,Ottawa,CanadaEverdingen,Robert van,ed.,1998,revised January,2002,Multi-Language Glossary of Permafrost and Re-lated Ground-Ice Terms,National Snow and Ice DataCenter/World Data Center for Glaciology,Boulder,Colo-radoNational Snow and Ice Data Center,2003,English LanguageGlossary of Permafrost
9、 and Related Ground-Ice Terms,Boulder,Colorado,http:/nsdic.org/fgdc/glossary/english.htmlNatural Resources Conservation Service,United States De-partment of Agriculture,Keys to Soil Taxonomy,NinthEdition,2003,331 pp.,http:/soils.usda.gov/technical/classication/tax_keysPermafrost Map of the USSR(1:2,
10、500,000),1996,Depart-ment of Geocryology,Moscow State University,16 sheets3.Significance and Use3.1 This terminology can be used to find the definitions ofall of those terms which are used in association with frozenmaterials,including rocks,soils,and water.4.Terminology4.1 Definitions:4.1.1 All of t
11、he definitions are consistent with those listed inTerminology D653.active layerthe top layer of ground that is subject to annualfreezing and thawing.(In the zone of discontinuouspermafrost,the active layer is often underlain by unfrozenground.)active layer failureany of several possible forms of slo
12、pefailure in the active layer.NSIDCactive layer thicknessthe thickness of the top layer ofground that is subject to annual freezing and thawing.NSIDCactive rock glaciera mass of rock fragments and finermaterial,on a slope,that contains an ice core or interstitialice,and which shows evidence of recen
13、t movement.NSIDCadfreeze shear strengththe shear stress required to separatetwo objects that are bonded together by ice.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soiland Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.19 on Frozen Soilsand Rock.Current edition ap
14、proved July 1,2018.Published July 2018.Originally approvedin 2004.Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D7099 04(2010).DOI:10.1520/D7099-04R18.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards vo
15、lume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardi
16、zation established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.1 adfreeze tensile strengththe tensile stress required to sepa-rate two objects that are bonded together by ice.NSIDCadfreezingthe process by which objects are bonded togetherby the ice formed between them.NSIDCaggradation of permafrostsee permafrost aggradation.aggradational icenewly formed ice
