1、Designation:D643219Standard Guide forUsing the Surface Ground Penetrating Radar Method forSubsurface Investigation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6432;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of
2、last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope*1.1 Purpose and Application:1.1.1 This guide covers the equipment,field procedures,andinterpretation methods for the assessmen
3、t of subsurface mate-rials using the Ground Penetrating Radar(GPR)Method.GPRis most often employed as a technique that uses high-frequencyelectromagnetic(EM)waves(from 10 to 7000 MHz)to acquiresubsurface information.GPR detects changes in EM properties(dielectricpermittivity,conductivity,andmagnetic
4、permeability),that in a geologic setting,are a function of soiland rock material,water content,and bulk density.Data arenormally acquired using antennas placed on the ground surfaceor in boreholes.The transmitting antenna radiates EM wavesthat propagate in the subsurface and reflect from boundaries
5、atwhich there are EM property contrasts.The receiving GPRantenna records the reflected waves over a selectable timerange.The depths to the reflecting interfaces are calculatedfrom the arrival times in the GPR data if the EM propagationvelocity in the subsurface can be estimated or measured.1.1.2 GPR
6、 measurements as described in this guide are usedin geologic,engineering,hydrologic,and environmental appli-cations.The GPR method is used to map geologic conditionsthat include depth to bedrock,depth to the water table(Wrightet al(1)2),depth and thickness of soil strata on land and underfresh water
7、 bodies(Beres and Haeni(2),and the location ofsubsurface cavities and fractures in bedrock(Ulriksen(3)andImse and Levine(4).Other applications include the locationof objects such as pipes,drums,tanks,cables,and boulders,mapping landfill and trench boundaries(Benson et al(5),mapping contaminants(Cosg
8、rave et al(6);Brewster andAnnan(7);Daniels et al(8),conducting archaeological(Vaughan(9)and forensic investigations(Davenport et al(10),inspection of brick,masonry,and concrete structures,roads and railroad trackbed studies(Ulriksen(3),and highwaybridge scour studies(Placzek and Haeni(11).Additional
9、applications and case studies can be found in the variousProceedings of the International Conferences on GroundPenetrating Radar(Lucius et al(12);Hannien and Autio,(13),Redman,(14);Sato,(15);Plumb(16),various Proceedings ofthe Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineer-ing and Environmen
10、tal Problems(Environmental and Engi-neering Geophysical Society,19882019),and The GroundPenetrating Radar Workshop(Pilon(17),EPA(18),Daniels(19),and Jol(20)provide overviews of the GPR method.1.2 Limitations:1.2.1 This guide provides an overview of the GPR method.It does not address details of the t
11、heory,field procedures,orinterpretation of the data.References are included for thatpurpose and are considered an essential part of this guide.It isrecommended that the user of the GPR method be familiar withthe relevant material within this guide and the references citedin the text and with Guides
12、D420,D5730,D5753,D6429,andD6235.1.2.2 This guide is limited to the commonly used approachto GPR measurements from the ground surface.The methodcan be adapted for a number of special uses on ice(Haeni et al(21);Wright et al(22),within or between boreholes(Lane etal(23);Lane et al(24),on water(Haeni(2
13、5),and airborne(Arcone et al(25)applications.A discussion of these otheradaptations of GPR measurements is not included in this guide.1.2.3 The approaches suggested in this guide for using GPRare the most commonly used,widely accepted,and proven;however,other approaches or modifications to using GPR
14、 thatare technically sound may be substituted if technically justifiedand documented.1.3 UnitsThe values stated in SI units are to be regardedas standard.The values given in parentheses are provided forinformation only and are not considered standard.Reporting oftest results in units other than SI s
15、hall not be regarded asnonconformance with this standard.1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action.This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgmen
16、t.Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM CommitteeD18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.01 on Surface and SubsurfaceCharacterization.Current edition approved Nov.15,2019.Published December 2019.Originallyapproved in 1999.Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D6432 11.DOI:10.1520/D6432-19.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.*A Summary of C
