1、NOTICE:This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.Contact ASTM International(www.astm.org)for the latest information.Designation:A 21 94(Reapproved 1999)Standard Specification forCarbon Steel Axles,Non-Heat-Treated and Heat-Treated,forRailway Use1This standar
2、d is issued under the fixed designationA21;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon(e)indicates an editorial change sin
3、ce the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This specification covers nonheat-treated axles up to andincluding those 612in.(165.1 mm)nominal diameter at thecenter and heat-treated axles of all sizes for freight cars,passenger cars,and locomotives.1.2 This specification is for axles with machined b
4、odies.Foraxles with as-forged bodies,see Specification A 383.1.3 The grades of carbon steel axles are as follows:1.3.1 Grade UNonheat-treated.1.3.2 Grade FDouble normalized and tempered.(Allfreight axles over 612in.(165.1 mm)nominal diameter at thecenter shall be Grade F.)1.3.3 Grade GQuenched and t
5、empered.1.3.4 Grade HNormalized,quenched,and tempered.1.3.5 Grades F,G,and H axles are used in heavy-dutyservice on locomotives,cars,and other equipment.1.4 Typical designs for plain and roller bearing axles areshown in the Manual of Standards and Recommended Practiceof the Association of American R
6、ailroads.21.5 Supplementary requirements are provided for use whenadditional testing or inspection is desired.These shall applyonly when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Sta
7、ndards:A 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testingof Steel Products3A 383 Specification for Axles,Railway,Carbon Steel,Un-treated for Export and General Industrial Use4E 112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size5E 127 Practice for Fabricating and Checking AluminumAlloy Ultras
8、onic Standard Reference Blocks6E 381 Method of Macroetch Testing Steel Bars,Billets,Blooms,and Forgings52.2Military Standards:MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage7MIL-STD-163 Steel Mill Products,Preparation for Ship-ment and Storage72.3Federal Standard:Fed.Std.No.123 Marking for Shipments(Ci
9、vil Agencies)73.Ordering Information3.1 The inquiry,order,or contract for material under thisspecification shall include the following information:3.1.1 Quantity(number of pieces),3.1.2 ASTM designation and year of issue,3.1.3 Grade,3.1.4 Design and size,3.1.5 Intended service,and3.1.6 Supplementary
10、 requirements(if any).4.Manufacture4.1 ProcessThe steel shall be made by any of the follow-ing processes:open-hearth,electric-furnace,or basic-oxygen.4.2 DiscardSufficient discard shall be made to assurefreedom from piping and undue segregation.4.3 Forging PracticeThe axles may be made direct fromth
11、e ingot or from blooms.The total reduction from ingot orstrand cast bloom to forging shall not be less than 3 to 1,unlessotherwise specified.4.4 Cooling and Heating:4.4.1 After axle blooms are produced they shall be slowcooled in closed containers,hoods,or furnaces.4.4.2 Blooms shall be reheated for
12、 forging in a mannerwhich will prevent internal bursts and overheating.4.4.3 After forging,axles shall be slow cooled in closedcontainers,covered conveyors,or in hoods.If axles(Grades F,G,and H)are heat-treated directly from the forging,they shallbe slow cooled following the final heat treatment.NOT
13、E1After slow cooling,Grade U axles may be single normalized1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A-1 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets.Current edition approved Feb.15,1994.Publish
14、ed April 1994.Originallypublished as A 21 1900 T.Last previous edition A 21 85.2Obtainable from the Mechanical Division,Association of American Railroads,1920 L St.N.W.,Washington,DC 20036.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 01.03.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 01.04.5Annual Book of ASTM Standard
15、s,Vol 03.01.6Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 03.03.7Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk,Bldg.4 Section D,700Robbins Ave.,Philadelphia,PA 19111-5094,Attn:NPODS.1Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.NOTICE:This s
16、tandard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.Contact ASTM International(www.astm.org)for the latest information.in accordance with 4.4.4 and 4.5.2.4.4.4 Axles(Grades F,G,and H)that are heat-treateddirectly from forging(1)shall be cooled below the transfor-mation temperature or to approximately 1000F(538C)be-fore any reheating operation and(2)must not be permitted tocool below 500F(260C)without slow cooling as defined in4.4.3.NOTE2As the temperature of the axles a
