1、Designation:F 2411 04Standard Specification forDesign and Performance of an Airborne Sense-and-AvoidSystem1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2411;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last re
2、vision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 The following requirements cover the design and per-formance of airborne sense-and-avoid(S&A)systems.Thisspecification includes r
3、equirements to support detection of,andsafe separation from,airborne objects such as manned orunmanned aircraft and air vehicles.1.2 This specification applies to the manufacturer of anappliance seeking civil aviation authority approval,in the formof flight certificates,flight permits,or other like
4、documenta-tion,as providing an equivalent level of safety to the see-and-avoid capability of a manned aircraft.1.3 This specification is not intended to apply to the designand performance of cooperative S&A systems.Existing stan-dards and guidance should be referenced for specificationsdescribing th
5、ese transponder or broadcast-based systems(ex-amples of existing guidance and standards for cooperativeS&A systems include FAA 20-131A,RTCA DO-289,andTSO-C119B).1.4 This specification is not intended to apply to multipleairborne objects flying in formation flight.1.5 This standard does not purport t
6、o address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1Code of Federal Regulations(C
7、FR):214 CFR 91.1 General Operating and Flight RulesApplica-bility14 CFR 91.113 General Operating and Flight RulesRight-of-Way Rules:Except Water Operations14 CFR 91.123 General Operating and Flight RulesCom-pliance with ATC Clearances and Instructions2.2Federal Aviation Administration(FAA)Publicatio
8、ns:3FAA8700.1 GeneralAviation Operations Inspectors Hand-bookFAA P-8740-51 How to Avoid a Midair CollisionFAA 90.48C Advisory CircularPilots Role in CollisionAvoidanceFAA 20-131A Advisory CircularAirworthiness Approvalof Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance Systems(TCASII)and Mode S TranspondersTSO
9、-C119B Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System(TCAS)Airborne Equipment2.3ICAO Publications:4ICAO Rules of the AirAnnex 22.4RTCA Publications:5DO-289 Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards(MASPS)for Aircraft Surveillance Applications(ASA)3.Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 airborne object,
10、nany object that is operating in theairspace.3.1.2 airspace of operations,nall classes of airspace inwhich a system is intended to operate.3.1.3 closing velocity,nrate of change of the decreasingdistance between two objects.3.1.4 collision threat,nhazard consisting of a manned orunmanned aircraft,ai
11、r vehicle,or other airborne object.3.1.5 cooperative S&A system,nsystem capable of com-municating with systems on-board other aircraft,air vehicles,or airborne objects in order to facilitate detection or coordinateresolution maneuvers,or both.3.1.6 detection distance,ndistance at which an S&Asystem
12、can perceive a potential collision threat.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F38 onUnmanned Air Vehicle Systems and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF38.01 on Airworthiness.Current edition approved June 1,2004.Published June 2004.2Available from U.S.Government
13、 Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N.Capitol St.,NW,Mail Stop:SDE,Washington,DC 20401.3Available from Federal Aviation Administration(FAA),800 IndependenceAve.,SW,Washington,DC 20591.4Available from International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO),999 Univer-sity St.,Montreal,Quebec H3C
14、 5H7,Canada.5Available from RTCA,Inc.,1828 L Street,NW,Suite 805,Washington,DC20036.1Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.3.1.7 field of regard(FOR),narea capable of beingperceived or monitored by a sensor,or both,specified in t
15、ermsof azimuth and elevation from the fixed body reference frameof the S&A platform.3.1.8 miss distance,ndistance between two or moreaircraft,air vehicles,or airborne objects at their closest point ofapproach.3.1.9 non-cooperative S&A system,nsystem that is ca-pable of detecting aircraft,air vehicle
16、s,or other airborneobjects that do not have a cooperative S&A system.3.1.10 platform,nmanned or unmanned aircraft,air ve-hicle,or other airborne object on which the S&A system isintended to operate.3.1.11 resolution maneuver,nintentional change in anaircraft,air vehicle,or other airborne objects flight path,velocity,or altitude,or a combination thereof,to avoid acollision threat.3.1.12 S&A system infrastructure,nsystem of systemsconsisting of the S&A system,pilot(s),or related systems,or acombin
