1、Designation:F169313Standard Guide forConsideration of Bioremediation as an Oil Spill ResponseMethod on Land1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1693;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last re
2、vision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 The goal of this guide is to provide recommendationsfor the use of biodegradation enhancing agents for remediatingoil spills in te
3、rrestrial environments.1.2 This is a general guide only,assuming the bioremedia-tion agent to be safe,effective,available,and applied inaccordance with both manufacturers recommendations andrelevant environmental regulations.As referred to in this guide,oil includes crude and refined petroleum produ
4、cts.1.3 This guide addresses the application of bioremediationagents alone or in conjunction with other technologies,follow-ing spills on surface terrestrial environments.1.4 This guide does not consider the ecological effects ofbioremediation agents.1.5 This guide applies to all terrestrial environ
5、ments.Specifically,it addresses various technological applicationsused in these environments.1.6 In making bioremediation-use decisions,appropriategovernment authorities must be consulted as required by law.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated wit
6、h its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.In addition,it is theresponsibility of the user to ensure that such activity takesplace under the control and d
7、irection of a qualified person withfull knowledge of any potential or appropriate safety andhealth protocols.2.Terminology2.1 Definitions:2.1.1 aerobesorganisms that require air or free oxygen forgrowth.2.1.2 anaerobesorganisms that grow in the absence of airor oxygen and do not use molecular oxygen
8、 in respiration.2.1.3 bioaugmentationthe addition of microorganisms(usually predominantly bacteria)to increase the biodegradationrate of target pollutants.2.1.4 biodegradationchemical alteration and breakdownof a substance,usually to smaller products,caused by micro-organisms or their enzymes.2.1.5
9、bioremediationenhancement of biodegradation.2.1.6 bioremediation agentsinorganic and organic com-pounds and microorganisms that are added to enhance degra-dation processes,predominantly microbial.2.1.7 biostimulationthe addition of microbial nutrients,oxygen,heat,or water,or some combination thereof
10、,toenhance the rate of biodegradation of target pollutants byindigenous species(predominantly bacteria).2.1.8 ecosystemorganisms and the surrounding environ-ment combined in a community that is self-supporting.3.Significance and Use3.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide remediationmanagers and
11、spill response teams with guidance on bioreme-diation.3.2 Bioremediation is one of many available tools and maynot be applicable to all situations.This guide can be used inconjunction with other ASTM guides addressing oil spillresponse operations as well as options other than bioremedia-tion.4.Gener
12、al Considerations for Bioremediation Use4.1 Bioremediation technologies attempt to accelerate thenatural rate of biodegradation.In situ,solid-phase,and slurry-phase represent the major bioremediation technologies used.These technologies may be unnecessary in those cases in whichthe natural rate of b
13、iodegradation suffices.The use of adequatecontrols in preliminary field studies,or the results of previouslyreported studies,will assist in determining the extent to whichmicroorganism or nutrient amendments,or both,are necessaryto obtain the desired rate of degradation.1This guide is under the juri
14、sdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.13 on Treatment.Current edition approved April 1,2013.Published May 2013.Originallyapproved in 1996.Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F1693 96(2003)which was withd
15、rawn July 2012 and reinstated inApril 2013.DOI:10.1520/F1693-13.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 4.2 Bioremediation performance depends on the efficiencyof the petroleum hydrocarbon degrading indigenous microor-ganisms or b
16、ioaugmentation agents.Performance also dependson the availability of rate-limiting nutrients and the suscepti-bility of the target crude oil or refined product to microbialdegradation.As oil consists of hundreds or more compounds,many of which require different conditions or different micro-organisms to degrade,oil biodegradation should not be con-sidered a single process.Oil biodegradation should at leastconsider the aliphatics separate from the aromatic compounds.Other classes of compounds oft
