1、Designation:F307214Standard Guide forIntermediate Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use(GPS/GNSS-IIW)Endorsement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3072;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This guide establishes the minimum knowledge,skills,and abilities required to use a GPS/GNSS2receiver to navigatein the wilderness.1.2 This
3、 guide applies to the use of a GPS/GNSS receiveron land,on and off roads,and on small bodies of water,wherever GPS/GNSS signals can be received.1.3 This guide applies to the use of a GPS/GNSS receiver indisaster areas where local positioning aids or references may belost or damaged.1.4 This guide do
4、es not apply to the use of a GPS/GNSSreceiver on large bodies of water,at sea,or in the air.1.5 This guide does not imply that a GPS/GNSS receiver isa replacement for a map and compass.Use of the latter isstrongly recommended as a backup for GPS/GNSS navigation.1.6 This standard does not purport to
5、address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3F1633 Guide fo
6、r Techniques in Land SearchF1773 Terminology Relating to Climbing,Mountaineering,Search and Rescue Equipment and PracticesF2209 Guide for Training of Level I Land Search TeamMemberF3071 Guide for Basic Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use(GPS/GNSS-IW)Endorsement3.Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to T
7、his Standard:3.1.1 GNSS(Global Navigation Satellite System),nanavigation system utilizing a constellation of dedicated satel-lites to determine a location on or above the earths surface.3.1.2 GPS(Global Positioning System),nthe GNSSowned and operated by the United States government.3.1.3 navigate,vt
8、o plot a location on the earth,determinethe direction and distance to that point,and travel to it;to directa person to a particular location on the earth.3.1.4 route,na series of waypoints which define a virtualpath from one location to one or more other locations.3.1.5 track,na three-dimensional tr
9、ail defined by loca-tions collected by a GPS/GNSS receiver at specific intervals oftime.3.1.6 waypoint,nan intermediate point on a route or lineof travel.3.2 Definitions of terms not defined in this standard can befound inASTM Guide F1633,Guide F1773,Guide F2209,andGuide F3071.4.Significance and Use
10、4.1 This guide establishes the minimum knowledge,skills,and abilities required to use a GPS/GNSS receiver to navigatein the wilderness.A person trained to this guide shall beendorsed for Intermediate Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use(GPS/GNSS-IIW Endorsed).4.1.1 Every person who is endorsed for Intermediate W
11、il-derness GPS/GNSS Use shall have met the requirements of thisguide.4.2 This guide is the second level of training for wildernessGPS/GNSS use,and only establishes the minimum knowledge,skills,and abilities required for a person to navigate with aGPS/GNSS receiver in a wilderness environment.No othe
12、rskills are included or implied.4.3 In addition to meeting the requirements of this guide,aperson endorsed for Intermediate Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Searchand Rescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.03 on Personne
13、l,Training and Education.Current edition approved March 1,2014.Published April 2014.DOI:10.1520/F3072-14.2This guide refers to GPS/GNSS,rather than GPS,receivers,due to theincreasing number of global satellite navigation systems worldwide.Currently,onlyGPS and GLONASS are in operation and provide gl
14、obal satellite coverage.However,satellite navigation receivers are now manufactured which are capable ofutilizing GPS,GLONASS,and Galileo satellites to determine a position on or abovethe earths surface.3For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Servic
15、e at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 shall also be adequately trained to travel and work i
16、n awilderness environment.4.4 Depending on the regulations or policies of the AHJ,additional knowledge,skills,or abilities may be requiredbefore a person who meets the requirements in this guide mayuse a GPS/GNSS receiver to navigate in a wilderness environ-ment.4.4.1 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from addingadditional requirements for its own members.4.5 This guide by itself is not a complete training document.It only specifies the knowledge,skills,and abilities required foran individu
