1、FRACTURE TOUGHNESS TESTING AND ITS APPLICATIONS A symposium presented at the SIXTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIAL Chicago,Ill.,June 21-26,1964 ASTM Special Technical Publication No.381|Published by the AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1916 Race St.,Philade
2、lphia 3,Pa.in cooperation with the NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION?9 by American Society for Testing and Materials 1965 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number:65-16811 Printed in Baltimore,Md.April,1965 Second Printing,May 1970 Third Printing,January 1975 Fourth Printing,October 1981
3、FOREWORD The development of various new high-strength alloys and the broadening range of their applications,particularly in aerospace and in cryogenics,has brought about increased emphasis on the study of fracture characteristics.As a result,the technology of testing for fracture toughness and crack
4、 propa-gation has grown rapidly in recent years.So,too,has understanding of how to apply this testing technology to design problems such as selection of materials,heat treatment,welding procedures,structural shape and size,and effects of environment.This collection of papers constitutes an authorita
5、tive and reasonably complete statement of the current procedure and concepts in the field of fracture mechanics.It should thus be of primary value to those concerned with fracture testing and with applications of test data.This publication is a cooperative effort of the American Society for Test-ing
6、 and Materials and the National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion.It helps to fulfill the obligation of the ASTM to provide the technical community with test methods,and with a sound understanding of their usefulness and their limitations.Through its Special Committee on Fracture Testing of High
7、-Strength Materials(now ASTM Committee E-24 on Frac-ture Testing of Metallic Materials),ASTM has provided important tech-nical leadership.This volume is the latest in a series of valuable publications on fracture testing and its application sponsored by this committee.By cooperation with the ASTM,NA
8、SA is helping to fulfill its obligation to provide for the widest practicable and appropriate dissemination of re-sults from its activities.Not only have aerospace problems directly furthered activity on fracture mechanics,but NASA scientists and engineers have directly contributed much to this new
9、technology.It is the purpose of this publication to make the information in this important field as widely avail-able as possible.The Symposium on Fracture Toughness Testing and Its Applications was held at the Sixty-seventh ASTM Annual Meeting,in Chicago,Ill.,June 21-26,1964.It was sponsored by the
10、 ASTM Special Committee on Fracture Testing of High-Strength Materials.Chairman of the committee is J.R.Low,General Electric Co.Symposium chairman was W.F.Brown,Jr.,National Aeronautics and Space Administration.The symposium comprised three papers sessions and a panel discussion.Co-chairmen of the f
11、irst session,on basic aspects of fracture mechanics,were T.J.Dolan,University of Illinois,and Harold Liebowitz,Office of Naval Research.Co-chairmen of the second session,on test methods,were Edward Steigerwald,Thompson Ramo Wooldridge,and Z.P.Saperstein,Douglas Aircraft Co.Co-chairmen of the third s
12、ession,on practical applica-tions,were B.M.Wundt,General Electric Co.,and C.M.Carman,U.S.Army Ordnance.Mr.Brown was chairman of the panel discussion,and the other panelists were V.Weiss,S.Yukawa,P.Paris,J.E.Srawley,C.F.Tiffany,G.R.Irwin,T.J.Dolan,J.A.Kies,and W.F.Payne.ill NOrE-The Society is not re
13、sponsible,as a body,for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication.CONTENTS PAGE Basic Aspects of Fracture Mechanics Critical Appraisal of Fracture Mechanics-V.Weiss and S.Yukawa.1 Historical Review.2 The Surface-Energy-Plastic Work Analogy.4 Interpretation of Fracture Toughness.9 Plas
14、ticity Analysis and Effects.13 Inhomogeneities,Scatter,and Size Effects.15 Outlook.18 Discussion.23 Stress Analysis of Cracks-Paul C.Paris and George C.M.Sih.30 Crack-Tip Stress Fields for Isotropic Elastic Bodies.31 Elementary Dimensional Considerations for Determination of Stress-Intensity Factors
15、.33 Stress-Intensity Factors from Westergaard Stress Functions.34 Stress-Intensity Factors from General Complex Stress Functions.36 Stress-Intensity Factors for Some Three-Dimensional Cases.38 Edge Cracks in Semi-infinite Bodies.39 Two-Dimensional Problems of Plate Strips with Transverse Cracks.40 R
16、einforced Plane Sheets.44 Thermal Stresses.45 Stress-Intensity Factors for the Bending of Plates and Shells.45 Couple-Stress Problems with Cracks.48 Estimation of Stress-Intensity Factors for Some Cases of Practical Interest.48 Stress Fields and Intensity Factors for Homogeneous Anisotropic Media.52 Cracks in Linear Viscoehstic Media.56 Some Special Cases of Nonhomogeneous Media with Cracks.57 Inertial Effects on the Stress Field of a Moving Crack.58 Energy-Rate Analysis of Crack Extension.58 Th
