1、主要英语国家社会与文化学习心得 英语国家社会与文化入门（ii） 名词解释题 1.americanindians americanindians，whoweremistakenlycalledbycolumbus，movedtotheamericasfromasiaabout25000yearsago.theydevelopedtheirownaboriginalculturesandsomeofthemsuchastheaztecs，theincasandthemayaswereveryadvancedwheneuropeansarrivedinthenewworld.but，asaresul
2、tofeuropeanconquest，theindianpopulationwasquicklyreducedandtheircultureswereruthlesslydestroyed. 2.thedeclarationofindependence thedeclarationofindependencewasmainlydraftedbythomasjeffersonandwasadoptedbythecongressonjuly4，1776，whenthepeopleof13englishcoloniesinnorthamericawerefightingfor theirfreed
3、omandindependencefromthebritishcolonialrule.thedocumentdeclaredthatallmenwereequalandthattheywereentitledtohavesomeunalienablerightssuchaslife，libertyandthepursuitofhappiness.italsoexplainedthephilosophyofgovernments：thepowersofgovernmentscamefromtheconsentofthegovernedandthepurposeofgovernmemtswast
4、osecuretherightsmentionedabove.thetheoryofpoliticsandtheguidingprinciplesoftheamericanrevolutionmainlycamefromjohnlocke. 3.ggeorgewashington georgewashingtonwasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheamericanrepublic.hewasthecommander-in-chiefofthecontinentalarmyinthewarofindependenceagainstthebritishcolonialru
5、leandthefirstpresidentoftheunitedstates. 4.thomasjefferson thomasjeffersonwasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheamericanrepublichewasthechiefauthorofthedeclarationofindependenceandthethirdpresidentoftheunitedstates. 5.benjaminfranklin benjaminfranklinwasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheamericanrepublic.hepartic
6、ipatedinwritingthedeclarationofindependenceandmakingtheu.s.constitution. 6.thearticlesofconfederation afterthewarofindependencewaswon，thenewnationoftheunitedstateswasorganizedundertheagreementofthearticlesofconfederationwithaweaknationalgovernmentcalledthecongress.eachstatehaditsowngovernment，madeit
7、sownlawsandhandleitsinternalaffairs.thestatesdidnotcooperatewiththecongressandwitheachother.thecongresshadnopowertoforceanystatetocontributemoneytothenationalgovernmentandthecongresscouldnottaxanycitizeneither.asaressult，thearticlesofconfederationfailed. 7.thebillofrights thebillofrightsconsssistsof
8、thefirst10amendmentswhichwereaddedtotheconstitutionin1791.thebillofrightswaspassedtoguaranteefreedomandindividualrightssuchasfreedomofspeech，therighttoassembleinpublicplaces，therighttoownweaponsandsoon. 8.eliwhitney eliwhitneyisanamericaninventorwhoinventedthecottongin，whichmaderemovingtheseedsfromt
9、hebollsofcottonmucheasier.healsobeganmanufacuringrifleswithmachinery，usinginterchanageablepart.thiscontributedtotheamericansystemofmass production. 9.serviceindustries serviceindustriesareindustriesthatsellaserviceratherthanmakeaproduct.serviceindustriesrangefrom bankingtotelecommunicationstotheprov
10、isionofmealsinrestaurants.aasmoreandmorepeopleareemployediinserviceindustriesintheus，itissometimedsaidthattheushasmovedintoa“post-industrialera“. 10.stock whenstartingorexpandingbusiness，corporationsneedtoborrowmoney.theymayissuestocksforpeopletobuy.whenpeoplebuystock，theybecomepartownerofthecompany
11、.ifthecompanymakesaprofit，theyreceiveashareofit.likewise，ifthecompanylosesmoney，thestockholderswillnotmakeaprofitorthevalueoftheirshareswilldrop-theylosemoney.thereforebuyingstockisarisk. 11.mattinlutherling，jr martinlutherking，jr.，anatlanta-bornbaptistminister，wastheleaderofthesouthernchristianlead
12、ershipconferenceduringthecivilrightsmovementofthe1960s.topromotehisphilosophyofnonviolentprotestagainstsegregationandotherkinddsofsocialinjustice，kingorganizedaseriesof“marches.kingdeliveredhisfamous“ihaveadreamspeech.duetohisstrongbeliefinnonviolentpeacefulprotest，kingwasawardedthenobelpeaceprizein
13、1964.hewasassassinatedinthecityofmemphisinapril1968. 12.counterculture inthewakeofthefreespeechmovementandthenewleftappearedaphenomenonthathistorianscalledthe“counterculture.thecounterculturerejectedcapitalismanddotheramericanprinciples.theyhadmoralsdifferentfromthosetaughtbytheirparents.somegroupso
14、fyouthtriedtoconstructdifferentwaysoflife.thecountercultureexertedagreatinfluenceuponpeoplesattitudestowardsocialmores，marriage，career，andsuccess. 13.now： withthepublicationofthefemininemystiquein1963，bettyfriedanbecamethechiefspokespersonofthewomensliberationmovement.inherbook，shecomparedtheamerica
15、nfamily，ortheamericansocietyasawhole，toa“comfortableconcentrationcamp，wherewomenwerediscriminatedagainstandoppressed.in1996，shehelpedtofoundthenationalorganizationforwomen（now）.areformorganization，nowbattlefor“equalrightsinparnershipwithmen. 14.white-collarcrimes white-collarcrimesarethosecommittedbyhigherincomegroupssuchasthecrimesoffraud，falseadvertising，corporatepricefixing，bribery，embezzlement，industrialpollution，taxevasionandsoon.yetthestatisticsprovidedbythefbitendtooverrlookwhite-collarcrimes.infact，white-collarcrimesareoftenignoredbylawenforcementagencies.somesociologistsaarguet
