1、Cite this:NewCarbonMaterials,2023,38(3):496-509DOI:10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60730-9Recent developments in MXene and MXene/carbon composites for usein biomedical applicationsQINMiao1,2,ChaimaMerzougui1,2,SUYi-meng1,2,LIYong-feng1,2,*,CHENWei-yi1,2,HUANGDi1,2,*（1.Department of Biomedical Engineering,Rese
2、arch Center for Nano-biomaterials&Regenerative Medicine,Shanxi Key Laboratory of MaterialsStrength&Structural Impact,College of Biomedical Engineering,Taiyuan University of Technology,Taiyuan 030024,China;2.Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering,Taiyuan 030032,China）Ab
3、stract：MXeneisarevolutionarytwo-dimensionalmaterialthathasadistinctlayerstructureandthechemicalcompositionoftransitionmetalcarbides.Ithasspecialphysicochemicalcharacteristicsincludingalargespecificsurfacearea,goodelectricalcon-ductivity,excellentmechanicalpropertiesandphotothermalbehavior,whichgivei
4、tavaluablevarietyofapplications.Toendowitabroaderrangeofapplications,itisoftencompositedwithcarbon-basedmaterials.Therefore,MXeneandMXene/carboncompositeshaveattractedmuchattentioninapplicationssuchaselectronics,biosensorsandbiomedicineoverrecentyears.Inthisreview,thefabrication,modificationandbiome
5、dicalapplicationsofMXeneandMXene/carboncompositesareintroduced,focussingontheirbiomedicalapplications,suchasbiosensors,antibacterialmaterials,drugdelivery,andthediagnosisandtreatmentofdiseases.Key words:MXene/carbonbasedcomposites；Biomedicalapplication；Sensor；Antibacterial1IntroductionWith the advan
6、cements in material science,afamilyofnovelmaterials,MXene,withtwo-dimen-sionstructureshasemerged,whichhasdrawnincreas-ing attention from researchers owing to the distinctlayerstructureandexcellentphysicochemicalproper-tiesoverthepastyears.MXeneisaseriesoftrans-itionmetalcarbides,nitridesorcarbonitri
7、des,whosechemicalformulaareexpressedasMn+1XnTx(n=1,2,3)1.Inthisformula,“M”representstheelementoftransitionmetal(suchasSc,It,V,Cr,Zr,Nb,Mo,HfandTa),Xstandsfortheelementsofcarbonornitro-gen,whileTistheextremitygroupwhichisbondedwith M layer(such as O,OH,F)23.Con-sequently,thefamilyofMXeneisveryhuge.To
8、date,more than thirty different MXenes with differentchemicalcompositionshavebeencreatedinlabs46.Theinherentcompositionoftransitionmetalcarbidesenablesitexhibitpriorconductivity,whichmakesitpossessbrilliantprospectsinelectronicindustries78.Ofnote,theTgroups(O,OH,F)wereintro-ducedinthesurfaceofMXened
9、uringthepreparationprocess.Asaresult,MXeneispronetobemodifiedandmanifest remarkable biocompatibility and func-tionality910potentialinbiomedicalfields1112.EventhoughMXenepossessessuperiorperform-ances in some applications such as sensor,diseasetreatmentsandsoon,therestillexistchallengesinthepractical
10、 application of MXene.For instance,lowsensitivity and insufficient therapeutic effect ofMXenecaused by inadequate conductivity and lim-ited photothermal conversion efficiency are theprimaryobstaclestobeovercome.Forsolvingtheseproblemsandbroadeningtheapplication,MXeneisusuallycompositedwithcarbon-bas
11、edcompositestoenhance comprehensive performances over the pastyears.Amongvarious carbon materials,carbon nan-otubes13andgraphene14havegreatpotentialtocon-struct MXene/carbon based composites due to theiruniquestructure,superiorelectronicconductivityandmechanical performance.In addition,these carbonm
12、aterialsexhibitadmirablebiocompatibilityandareeasilytobemodifiedthroughchemicalprocesses.ThenovelcharacteristicsmakethemhavegreatpotentialReceived date：2022-08-01；Revised date：2023-03-04Corresponding author：LIYong-feng,Associateprofessor.E-mail:;HUANGDi,Professor.E-mail:第38卷第3期新型炭材料（中英文）Vol.38No.320
13、23年6月NEWCARBONMATERIALSJun.2023inbiomedicalapplications1516.Inthisregard,theadvancementsofMXeneandMXene/carbonbased composites in biomedical ap-plicationsoverthepastyearsareintroducedandsum-marized.Ontheonehand,asummaryoftheMXenemodificationtechniquesforbiomedicalapplicationsisdiscussed.The stabilit
14、y and biofunction classifica-tionsofMXenesareexplainedcriticallyinthissec-tion.Ontheotherhand,extensivediscussionsaregiv-entowardtheapplicationsofMXeneandMXene/car-bonbasedcompositesinbiomedicaldisciplines.Thefocusofthissectionaresummarizedinthefollowing4areas:biosensordomain,antibacterialfield,drug
15、de-livery domain,diagnosis and treatment of disease(Fig.1).Eventually,thechallengesandoutlooksforthefurtherdevelopmentsofMXeneintermsofbio-medicalapplicationsarecriticallydiscussed,inwhichweexpectmoreexcellentbreakthroughsofMXene.2ModificationofMXenenanosheetsIn general,the universal strategies to o
16、btainMXene are based on eliminating the“A”layerthrough various etching methods.According to thedifferencesofetchingagents,thecommonstrategiesforpreparingMXenescanbecategorizedintoseveralmethods(Table1),includinghydrofluoricacid(HF)-etching method17,hydrochloric acid(HCl)/fluoride-etching method18,Lewis acid molten salt etchingmethod19andetc2023.Amongtheseapproaches,HF-etchingmethodandHCl/fluoride-etchingmethodarethemostwidelyutilizedmethods.Thesetwomethodsprovideactivegroups(F,OH)onthesurfaceofM
