2014硕士研究生入学考试初试专业课试题.zip

1北 京 科 技 大 学北 京 科 技 大 学2014 年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题2014 年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题=试题编号：211 试题名称：翻译硕士英语 （共 12 页）试题编号：211 试题名称：翻译硕士英语 （共 12 页）适用专业：翻译 适用专业：翻译 说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。=I.Vocabulary and Structure(30 points,1 point each,60 minutes)Directions:Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C,or D.Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.Write your answers on the answer sheet.1.It was nearly always organized by the government,although some club members acted _ their own initiative.A.byB.on C.with D.in2.He redesigned the process,thereby _ the company thousands of dollars.A.saving B.to save C.saved D.save3.Modern bodies are especially _ to cancer,because technology produces waste that inhibits their proper functioning.A.relevant B.invulnerable C.prone D.attractive4.Some of his plans were impractical and _ good for his work,but he never wavered in what he considered just.A.too much B.much too C.so much D.much so5.Supporters praised the action as a speedy and judicious solution,but critics condemned it as _ and unfairly influenced by recent events.A.delayed B.indisposed C.hasty D.imperious6.It is odd that a persons worth is measured by his wealth,_ instead peoples character should be measured by their value to society.A.while B.so C.because D.when7.During the 17th century many artists became involved in color theory and _ painting for enlightenment.A.looked up to B.looked out C.looked on D.looked to28.No government can meet the _ demand for ever more sophisticated medical technology by an aging population.A.intransigent B.insatiable C.ingenious D.inglorious9.It is difficult to distinguish between the things that celebrities do _ and those that are carefully contrived for effect.A.reluctantly B.publicly C.spontaneously D.prolifically10.The monkeys in the zoo are a group,because primates are inevitably _ and build their lives around each other.A.social B.independent C.stable D.curious11.When economy,language,culture and history interact,people begin to view them as _ subjects rather than isolated ones.A.idiosyncratic B.integral C.synchronized D.synthesized12.Retired people are often willing to _ their time to help with community project.A.give outB.give awayC.give ofD.give off13.Even though formidable winters are the norm in this region,people were unprepared for the _ of the blizzard that year.A.mildnessB.ferocityC.inevitabilityD.probability14.The committee provides funding to _ artists like those of women and of color,in the hopes of rectifying a historical inequality.A.prolificB.prominentC.promisingD.marginalized15.All are in the _ stages,until architectural historians survey each house to determine which have historic value.A.preliminaryB.primaryC.prevalentD.predicative16.He has unusual insight and imagination,which has made him succeed in _ new and fundamental principles well in advance of their general recognition.A.coordinatingB.discerning C.acknowledging D.dispelling17.The storyline of the novel was extremely involved and included many lesser characters _ to the central events.A.consequentialB.peripheralC.indispensableD.permeating18.Once I finally _ finding a definition,I see that it was never any such thing.A.get across toB.get away with C.get round toD.get in with19.Despite the fact that the life span of animals is conveniently divided into separate 3stages,those periods are not truly _.A.distinctB.continuousC.reflexiveD.codependent20.In spite of _ among scientists,and years of contentious discussion,the claim that earthquake can be predicted with great precision prevails.A.reception B.popularityC.skepticismD.antipathy21.No dictionary can really capture something as fleeting and _ as slang.A.equivocalB.equitableC.equableD.ephemeral22.They bought up pieces of old furniture and passed them _ as valuable antiques.A.outB.byC.awayD.off23.That reason was unique human has come _ increasingly skeptical scrutiny:more researchers at least entertain the notion that some animals can think.A.inB.underC.toD.with24.Sam was a complete country man,with a pronounced _ with nature in all its forms.A.infinityB.conformityC.affinityD.fluidity25.It is no accident that most people find his book disturbing,for it is calculated to undermine a number of beliefs they have long _.A.cherished B.denied C.anticipated D.misunderstood 26.Although the passage of years has softened the initially hostile reaction to his poetry,even now only a few independent observers _ his works.A.neglectB.criticizeC.commentD.praise27.The exhibition,though small in scale,succeeded in _ its members with a firm sense of self-worth and purpose.A.endowing B.imbuingC.ladeningD.providing28.We were all impressed by the style of his books which is strongly _ of Virginia Woolfs novels.A.reminiscentB.symptomaticC.indicativeD.imitative29.Historian can _“Augustan peace”only by failing to recognize that this peace in many respects resemble that of death.A.demandB.ridiculeC.applaudD.disapprove 30.Everything becomes collectable in time,particularly when its history and date of manufacture can be _.4A.describedB.acknowledgedC.overlookedD.authenticatedII.Reading Comprehension(40 points,2 points each,60 minutes)Section IDirections:In this section there are two reading passages followed by multiple choice questions.Read the passages and then write your answers on your answer sheet.Passage OneConstant vigilance:that is the task of the people who protect society from enemies intent on using subterfuge and violence to get their way.It is also the watch word of those who fear that the protectors will pursue the collective interest at untold cost to individual rights.Edward Snowden,a young security contractor,has come down on one side of that tussle by leaking documents showing that the National Security Agency(NSA)spied on millions of Americans phone records on the internet activity of hundreds of millions of foreigners.The documents,published by the Guardian and the Washington Post,include two big secrets.One is a court order telling Verizon,a telecoms company,to hand over“metadata”,such as the duration,direction and location of subscribers calls.The other gives some clues about a programme called PRISM,which collects e-mails,files and social-networking data from firms such as Google,Apple and Facebook.Much of this eavesdropping has long been surmised,and none of it is necessarily illegal.America gives wide powers to its law-enforcement and spy agencies.They are overseen by Congress and courts,which issue orders to internet firms.Barack Obama has responded to the leaks by saying that he“welcomes”a debate on the trade-off between privacy,security and convenience.Despite the presidents words,however,the administration and much of Congress seem unwilling to talk about the programmes they oversee;and the politicians and executives who do want to speak out are gagged by secrecy laws.Opinion polls show that Americans are divided about the merits of surveillancewhich is partly because they know so little about what is going on.But spying in a democracy depends for its legitimacy on informed consent,not blind trust.You might argue that the spies are doing only what is necessary.Al-Qaedas assaults on September 11th 2001 demonstrated to politicians everywhere that their first duty is to ensure their own citizens safety.With Islamist bombers,there is a good case for using electronic surveillance:they come from a population that is still hard for Western security services to penetrate,and they make wide use of mobile phones and the internet.The NSAs boss,Keith Alexander,says the ploys revealed by Mr Snowden have stopped dozens of plots.The burden on society of sweeping up information about them has been modest compared with the wars launched against Afghanistan and Iraq.And the public seems happy:if there were another attack on America,Mr Snowden would soon be forgotten.5Yet because the spies choose what to reveal about their work,nobody can judge if the cost and intrusion are proportionate to the threat.One concern is the size,scope and cost of the security bureaucracy:some 1.4 million people have“top secret”clearances of the kind held by Mr Snowden.Is that sensible?A second worry is the effect on Americas ties with other countries.The administrations immediate response to the PRISM revelation was that Americans have nothing to fear:it touched only foreigners.That adds insult to injury in countries that count themselves as close American allies:the European Union,in particular,fastidiously protects its citizens data.Fears abound that the spy agencies practice a cynical swap,in which each respects the letter of the law protecting the rights of its own peoplebut lets its allies do the snooping instead.Lawyerly officials denials of such machinations fail to reassure because of the third worry:the governments acting outside public scrutiny are not to be trusted.James Clapper,Americas director of national intelligence,told Congress in March that the NSA does not gather data on“millions of Americans”.He now says he answered in“the least untruthful manner”possible.Trawls through big databases may produce interesting cluesbut also life-ruining false alarms,especially when the resulting decisions are cloaked in secrecy.Those on“no-fly lists”,which ban an unknown number of people from most air travel,are not told what they have done wrong and cannot clear their names.In desperation,13 American citizens,including some who were exiled from their own country by the travel ban,are suing the government.Our point is not that Americas spies are doing the wrong things,but that the level of public scrutiny is inadequate and so is the right of redress.Without these,officials will be tempted to abuse their powers,because the price of doing so is small.This is particularly true for those who bug and ban.Spooks do need secrecy,but not on everything,always and everywhere.Officials will complain that disclosure would hinder their efforts in what is already an unfair fight.Yet some operational efficiency is worth sacrificing,because public scrutiny is a condition for popular backing.Even allowing for the need to keep some things clandestine,Americans need a clearer idea of what their spies are doing in their name.1.According to the passage,which of the following statements about vigilance is true?A.President Obama describes the spying as a defense of security.B.Americans differ in their attitude towards the governments vigilance.C.The administration and Congress feel ashamed of the spying.D.Americas law-enforcement and spy agencies are not entitled to spy.2.The sentence in paragraph two“if there were another attack on America,Mr Snowden would soon be forgotten”probably means _.A.Americans need divert their attention from the spying event.B.Mr Snowden matters little compared to Americas potential enemies.C.Vigilance would be accepted by the public if America was faced with danger.6D.Mr Snowdens revelation of PRISM would be forgotten sooner or later.3.Americans have the following concerns regarding vigilance EXCEPT_.A.Spy agents leave Americans little privacy and less security.B.Spying will damage Americas relation with other countries.C.It is not sensible to devote much money and energy to vigilance.D.There lacks effective scrutiny of the governments surveillance.4.The case that some citizens are banned from air travel in paragraph 7 is presented to illustrate _.A.the efficiency of spyingB.the absurdity of the banC.the inadequacy of the spying systemD.the interesting findings of spying5.What is the authors stance on vigilance by the government?A.Vigilance does more harm than good to American citizens.B.Protection of society is merely an excuse for illegal vigilance.C.The legitimacy of vigilance is still open to discussion.D.Vigilance is necessary but should be better scrutinized by the public.Passage TwoA simple idea underpins science:“trust,but verify”.Results should always be subject to challenge from experiment.That simple but powerful idea has generated a vast body of knowledge.Since its birth in the 17th century,modern science has changed the world beyond recognition,and overwhelmingly for the better.But success can breed complacency.Modern scientists are doing too much trusting and not enough verifyingto the detriment of the whole of science and of humanity.Too many of the findings that fill the academic ether are the result of shoddy experiments or poor analysis.A rule of thumb among biotechnology venture-capitalists is that half of published research cannot be replicated.Even that may be optimistic.Last year researchers at one biotech firm found they could reproduce just six of 53“landmark”studies in cancer research.In 2000-2010 roughly 80,000 patients took part in clinical trials based on research that was later retracted because of mistakes or improprieties.Even when flawed research does not put peoples lives at risksand much of it is too far from the market to do soit squanders money and the efforts of some of the worlds best minds.The opportunity costs of stymied progress are hard to quantify,but they are likely to be vast.And they could be rising.One reason is the competitiveness of science.In the 1950s,when modern academic research took shape after its successes in the Second World War,it was still a rarefied pastime.The entire club of scientists numbered a few hundred thousand.As their ranks have swelled,scientists have lost their taste for self-policing and quality 7control.The obligation to“publish or perish”has come to rule over academic life.Competition for jobs is cut-throat.Full professors in America earned on average$135,000 in 2012more than judges did.Every year six freshly minted PhDs vie for every academic post.Nowadays verification does little to advance a researchers career.And without verification,dubious findings live on to mislead.Careerism also encourages exaggeration and the cherry-picking of results.In order to safeguard their exclusivity,the leading journals impose high rejection rates:in excess of 90%of submitted manuscripts.The most striking findings have the greatest chance of making it onto the page.Little wonder that one in three researchers knows of a colleague who has pepped up a paper by,say,excluding inconvenient data from results“based on a gut feeling”.And as more research teams around the world work on a problem,the odds shorten that at least one will fall prey to an honest confusion between the sweet signal of a genuine discovery and a freak of the statistical noise.Conversely,failures to prove a hypothesis are rarely even offered for publication,let alone accepted.“Negative results”now account for only 14%of published papers,down from 30%in 1990.Yet knowing what is false is as important to science as knowing what is true.The failure to report failures means that researchers waste money and effort exploring blind alleys already investigated by other scientists.The hallowed process of peer review is not all it is cracked up t