1、2011年硕士研究生入学考试英语二真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered black and markA,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users,a blessing to privacy and freedom ofspeech.But that very anonymity is also behind t
2、he explosion of cyber-crime thathas 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seemsincreasingly3？Last month,Howard Schmidt,the nations cyber-czar,offered the federal governmenta 4 to make the Web a safer place-a voluntary trusted identitysystem that wou
3、ldbe the high-tech 5 of a physical key,a fingerprint and a photo ID card,all rolled6 one.The system might use a smart identity card,or a digital credential 7 to aspecific computer.and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity syst
4、ems.User could 9 whichsystem to join,and only registered users whose identities have been authenticatedcould navigate those systems.The approach contrasts with one that would requirean Internet drivers license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these sing
5、le sign-onsystems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many differentservices.12.the approach would create a walled gardenn cyberspace,with safe“neighborhoods”and bright“streetlights”to establish a sense of a l3 community.Mr.Schmidt described it as a voluntary ecosystemin which in
6、dividuals andorganizations can complete online transactions with 14,trusting the identities ofeach other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs.Still,the administrations plan has 16 privacy rights activists.Some applaud theapproach;others are concerned.It seems clear
7、that such a scheme is an initiativepush toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet drives licensementality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts,who worrythat the voluntary ecosystemenvisioned by Mr.Schmidt would still leave muchof the Internet 19.They argue tha
8、t all Internet users should be 20 to register andidentify themselves,in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on publicroads.1.A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden2.A.for B.within C.while D.though3.A.careless B.lawless C.pointless D.helpless4.A.reason B.reminder C.compromise D.proposal5
9、.A.information B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent6.A.by B.into C.from D.over7.A.linked B.directed C.chained D.compared8.A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve9.A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize10.A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered11.A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in12
10、.A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast13.A.trusted B.modernized c.thriving D.competing14.A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience15.A.on B.after C.beyond D.across16.A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united17.A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually18.A.skepticism B.r
11、elerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm19.A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible20.A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER S
12、HEET 1.(40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachss board as an outside director in January 2000:a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decadeshe apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism.But by the endof 2009 Ms.Simmons was under fire f
13、or having sat on Goldmans compensationcommittee:how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked?ByFebruary the next year Ms.Simmons had left the board.The position was just takingup too much time,she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful,yet less biased,advisers
14、 ona firms board.Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,theypresumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executivesproposals.If the sky,and the share price is falling,outside directors should beable to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The res
15、earchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004.Then theysimply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next.The mostlikely reason for departing a board was age,so the researchers co
16、ncentrated on thosesurprisedisappearances by directors under the age of 70.They fount that aftera surprise departure,the probability that the company will subsequently have torestate earnings increased by nearly 20%.The likelihood of being named in a federalclass-action lawsuit also increases,and th
17、e stock is likely to perform worse.Theeffect tended to be larger for larger firms.Although a correlation between themleaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive,it does not meanthat such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship.Often they trade up.Leaving riskier,smaller
18、firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoidinga blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks,even ifa review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred.Firms who want
19、to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to createincentives.Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms.Simmons,onceagain very popular on campus.21.According to Paragraph 1,Ms.Simmons was criticized for.Againing excessive profitsBfailing to fulfill her dutyCrefusin
20、g to make compromisesDleaving the board in tough times22.We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be.Agenerous investorsBunbiased executivesCshare price forecastersDindependent advisers23.According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside directorssurprise dep
21、arture,the firm is likely toAbecome more stableBreport increased earningsCdo less well in the stock marketDperform worse in lawsuits24.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directorsAmay stay for the attractive offers from the firmBhave often had records of wrongdoings in the firmC
22、are accustomed to stress-free work in the firmDwill decline incentives from the firm25.The authors attitude toward the role of outside directors is.ApermissiveBpositiveCscornfulDcriticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper?A year ago the end seemed near.Therecession threatened to remove
23、 the advertising and readers that had not already fledto the internet.Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling theirown doom.Americas Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about howto save newspapers.Should they become charitable corporations?Should the statesubsidiz
24、e them It will hold another meeting soon.But the discussions now seemout of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis.German and Brazilian papers haveshrugged off the recession.Even American newspapers,which inhabit the mosttroubled come of the global industry,have not only survived but
25、often returned toprofit.Not the 20%profit margins that were routine a few years ago,but profitall the same.It has not been much fun.Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard.The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gonesince 2007.Readers are paying
26、 more for slimmer products.Some papers even had thenerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs.Yet these desperate measures have provedthe right ones and,sadly for many journalists,they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses,with a healthier mix of revenuesfrom reader
27、s and advertisers.American papers have long been highly unusual in theirreliance on ads.Fully 87%of their revenues came from advertising in 2008,accordingto the Organization for Economic Cooperation Development(OECD).In Japan theproportion is 35%.Not surprisingly,Japanese newspapers are much more st
28、able.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,but much of the damagehas been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive.Car and filmreviewers have gone.So have science and general business reporters.Foreign bureaushave been savagely cut off.Newspapers are less com
29、plete as a result.Butcompleteness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26.By saying Newspapers like.their own doom(Lines 3-4,Para.1),the authorindicates that newspaperAneglected the sign of crisisBfailed to get state subsidiesCwere not charitable corporationsDwere in a desperate situation
30、27.Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably becauseAreaders threatened to pay lessBnewspapers wanted to reduce costsCjournalists reported little about these areasexample,were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in theirolder neighbors along the citys Gold
31、 Coast.But they were popular because of theirairy glass walls,the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildingsdetailsand proportions,the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at thetime.The trend toward lesswas not entirely foreign.In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wrightstarted bu
32、ilding more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 squarefeet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early20th century.The Case Study Housescommissioned from talented modern architects by CaliforniaArts Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet an
33、other homegrowninfluence on the less is moretrend.Aesthetic effect came from the landscape,new materials and forthright detailing.In his Case Study House,Ralph everyday lifefew American families acquired helicopters,though most eventually got clothesdryers but his belief that self-sufficiency was bo
34、th desirable and inevitablewas widely shared.31.The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans.Aprosperity and growthBefficiency and practicalityCrestraint and confidenceDpride and faithfulness32.Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?AIt was founde
35、d by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.BIts designing concept was affected by World War II.CMost American architects used to be associated with it.DIt had a great influence upon American architecture.33.Mies held that elegance of architectural design.Awas related to large spaceBwas identified with emptinessC
36、was not reliant on abundant decorationDwas not associated with efficiency34.What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicagos Lake Shore Drive?AThey ignored details and proportions.BThey were built with materials popular at that time.CThey were more spacious than neighboring buildings.DThey shared some characteristics of abstract art.35.What can we learn about the design of the Case Study House?AMechanical devices were widely used.BNatural scenes were taken into considerationCDetails were sacrificed for the overall effect.
