1、Designation:D631198(Reapproved 2014)Standard Guide forGeneration of Environmental Data Related to WasteManagement Activities:Selection and Optimization ofSampling Design1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6311;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofor
2、iginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This document provides practical guidance on the se-lection and opti
3、mization of sample designs in waste manage-ment sampling activities,within the context of the require-ments established by the data quality objectives or otherplanning process.1.2 This document(1)provides guidance for selection ofsampling designs;(2)outlines techniques to optimize candidatedesigns;a
4、nd(3)describes the variables that need to bebalanced in choosing the final optimized design.1.3 The contents of this guide are arranged by section asfollows:1.Scope2.Referenced Documents3.Terminology4.Significance and Use5.Summary of Guide6.Factors Affecting Sampling Design Selection6.1Sampling Desi
5、gn Performance Characteristics6.2Regulatory Considerations6.3Project Objectives6.4Knowledge of the Site6.5Physical Sample Issues6.6Communication with the Laboratory6.7Analytical Turn Around Time6.8Analytical Method Constraints6.9Health and Safety6.10Budget/Cost Considerations6.11Representativeness7.
6、Initial Design Selection8.Optimization Criteria9.Optimization Process9.2Practical Evaluation of Design Alternatives9.3Statistical and Cost Evaluation10.Final SelectionAnnexA1Types of Sampling DesignsA1.1Commonly Used Sampling DesignsA1.2Sampling Design ToolsA1.3Combination Sample DesignsAppendix X1.
7、Additional ReferencesAppendix X2.Choosing Analytical Method Based on Variance and CostAppendix X3.Calculating the Number of Samples:A Statistical Treatment1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of thi
8、s standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5956 Guide for Sampling Strategies for HeterogeneousWastesD6044 Guide for Representative Sampling for Managementof Waste
9、 and Contaminated MediaD6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsam-pling for Environmental Waste Management ActivitiesD6232 Guide for Selection of Sampling Equipment forWaste and Contaminated Media Data CollectionActivitiesE135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry forMetals,Ores,and
10、Related MaterialsE943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Envi-ronmental Fate2.2 USEPA Documents:USEPA,Guidance for the Data Quality Objectives Process,EPA QA/G-4,Quality Assurance Management Staff,Washington,DC,March 199531This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Was
11、teManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.01 onPlanning for Sampling.Current edition approved May 1,2014.Published May 2014.Originallyapproved in 1998.Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D631198(2009).DOI:10.1520/D6311-98R14.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the A
12、STM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the Superintendent of Documents,U.S.Government PrintingOffice,Washington,DC 20402.Copyright
13、ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 USEPA,Data Quality Objectives Process for Superfund-Workbook,EPA 540/R-93/078(OSWER 9355.9-01A),OfficeofEmergencyandRemedialResponse,Washington,D.C.,September,19933USEPA,Environmental Investigations B
14、ranch Standard Op-erating Procedures and Quality Assurance Manual(EISOPQAM),Region 4-Science and Ecosystem Sup-port Division,Athens,GA,May 199632.3 There are numerous useful references available fromASTM,USEPA,and private sector publishers.Appendix X1contains a list,which is by no means comprehensiv
15、e,ofadditional commonly used references.3.Terminology3.1 accuracy,ncloseness of a measured value to the trueor an accepted reference or standard value.(E135)3.2 attribute,na quality of samples or a population.(D5956)3.3 characteristic,na property of items in a sample orpopulation that can be measure
16、d,counted,or otherwiseobserved.(D5956)3.3.1 DiscussionA characteristic of interest may be thecadmium concentration or ignitability of a population.3.4 composite sample,na combination of two or moresamples.3.5 confidence interval,na numerical range used to boundthe value of a population parameter with a specified degree ofconfidence(that the interval would include the true parametervalue).3.5.1 DiscussionWhen providing a confidence interval,the number of observations on which the interval is base
