1、Designation:D487908Standard Guide forGeotechnical Mapping of Large Underground Openings inRock1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4879;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A numb
2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis guide is intended for use in both civil and mining underground excavations,whether new orexisting,which may be either regular or irregula
3、r in section,large enough to be accessible to a person,and for which a record of encountered conditions and features is desired.The details of thegeotechnical mapping will be dependent upon the features being mapped,and the proposed use of theinformation.The information covered in this guide will be
4、 based upon observations and measurementsat the surface of the excavation;geophysical measurements are not included.In general,sufficientinformation should be collected about features of interest to define uncertainty and facilitate consistentinterpretation.Mapping in accordance with this guide is u
5、seful to provide a data base for design,forstability analyses,for confirmation of geotechnical predictions,for maintenance and monitoring,andas a permanent record of construction.This guide is not intended to provide,of itself,the methodologyfor rigorous collection of sufficient local,detailed,data
6、for model development or verification,for insitu testing,or for ore search.1.Scope*1.1 This guide recommends procedures for mapping largesubsurface openings made for either civil or mining purposes.1.2 The mapping provides characterization and documenta-tion of the condition of the rock mass at the
7、excavation surface.1.3 The mapping may be accomplished during or afterexcavation;however,if possible,the mapping should becompleted before construction activity modifies or obscures thesurface condition and especially any critical geologic features.1.4 The mapping level of detail shall be appropriat
8、e for itsintended use.This mapping does not replace rigorous investi-gations to develop physical or mathematical models of behav-ior.1.5 When soil or soil-like materials are encountered in theexcavation,they should also be appropriately mapped anddescribed in accordance with applicable ASTM standard
9、s.1.6 Many of the procedures presented in this guide may beused,as well,to map surface excavations.1.7 The mapping does not replace the surveying of excava-tion geometry.1.8 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D
10、60261.9 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard.The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,as
11、sociated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This guide offers an organized collection of informa-tion or a series of options and does not
12、recommend a specificcourse of action.This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment.Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances.This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by
13、 which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged,nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects.The word“Standard”in the title of this1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibilit
14、y of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.Current edition approved July 1,2008.Published July 2008.Originally approvedin 1989.Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D4879 02(2006).DOI:10.1520/D4879-08.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International,1
15、00 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 document means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering Designand Construction Purposes(With
16、drawn 2011)3D653 Terminology Relating to Soil,Rock,and ContainedFluidsD2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D5731 Test Method for Determination of the Point LoadStrength Index of Rock and Application to Rock StrengthClassificationsD5873 Test Method for Determination of Rock Hardness byRebound Hammer MethodD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalData3.Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide to refer toTerminology D
