1、Designation:F 1525 96(Reapproved 2001)Standard Guide forUse of Membrane Technology in Mitigating HazardousChemical Spills1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1525;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the
2、year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This guide covers considerations for the use of mem-brane technology in the mitigation of dilute concentrations of
3、spilled chemicals into ground and surface waters.1.2 This guide addresses the application of membranetechnology alone or in conjunction with other technologies.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standar
4、d does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.In addition,it is theresponsibilit
5、y of the user to ensure that such activity takesplace under the control and direction of a qualified person withfull knowledge of any potential or appropriate safety and healthprotocols.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:F 1127 Guide for Containment by Emergency ResponsePersonnel of Hazardous
6、Material Spills23.Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 concentrate,retentatein reverse osmosis and nano-filtration,respectively,the portion of the feed solution that doesnot pass through the membrane is called concentrate,while theterm retentate is more commonly used f
7、or ultrafiltration andmicrofiltration.3.1.2 crossflow filtrationa filtration process in which thefeed flows almost parallel to the filter or membrane surface.Itis also called tangential flow.3.1.3 fluxa measure of the rate at which the permeate(orfiltrate)passes through the membrane per unit area of
8、 mem-brane.It is reported in units of L/m2/day,m3/m2/day,orgal/ft2/day.3.1.4 foulingthe accumulation of unwanted deposits orscales on a membrane that results in a flux reduction.3.1.5 Langelier Saturation Index(LSI)a method used todetermine the calcium scaling potential,that is,calciumcarbonate of a
9、 membrane at concentrations below 5000 ppmTDS.3.1.6 membrane technologyseparation of the componentsof a fluid by means of a pressure gradient and a semipermeablemembrane.The various classes of membrane technology aredifferentiated primarily by the size or molecular weight,orboth,of rejected material
10、.The main divisions are(1)micro-filtration(MF),(2)ultrafiltration(UF),(3)nanofiltration(NF),and(4)reverse osmosis(RO).3.1.7 microfiltration(MF)a pressure-driven processwhereby a contaminated liquid stream is separated using afiltration process involving a compatible membrane.Dead-ended and crossflow
11、 techniques are used.Suspended solids andmacromolecules are removed on the basis of size.Pore size isnormally 0.1 to 5.0 m,and operating pressures usually rangefrom 20 to 350 kPa(3 to 50 psig).Membrane materials,suchas polypropylene,polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE),and metaloxides,are frequently less s
12、usceptible to chemical degradationthan those used for other branches of this technology.3.1.8 nanofiltration(NF)a pressure-driven processwhereby a contaminated liquid stream is separated and purifiedby a process involving filtration,diffusion,and chemicalpotential across a compatible membrane.Divale
13、nt and multi-valent species with a molecular weight above 80 are removedas are uncharged and univalent molecules with a molecularweight above 200.Operating pressures normally run between1380 and 2760 kPa(200 and 400 psig).3.1.9 osmotic pressureas related to membrane technol-ogy,the pressure that mus
14、t be applied to the more concentratedsolution to halt flow of the solvent from the less concentratedsolution through a semipermeable membrane into the moreconcentrated side.3.1.10 permeate,filtratethe stream that has passedthrough the membrane and is therefore free of,or has a muchreduced concentrat
15、ion of,contaminants.Permeate is com-monly used for the treated water obtained from nanofiltrationand reverse osmosis processes,while filtrate is more com-monly used for the treated fluid obtained by ultrafiltration andmicrofiltration operation.3.1.11 pervaporation(PV)a vacuum-driven membraneprocess
16、applicable to the separation of liquid mixtures.During1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.22 on Mitigation Actions.Current edition approved April 10,1996.Published June 1996.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 11.04.1Copyright ASTM,100 Barr Harbor Drive,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.the separation,the dissolved,more volatile constituents areremoved from a less
