1、Designation:F163397(Reapproved 2008)Standard Guide forTechniques in Land Search1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1633;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parenthes
2、es indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This guide identifies and describes techniques that maybe used by individuals or agencies when searching for persons,property,or evidence on land.The applicat
3、ion of one or moreof these techniques to any particular land search will dependupon the individual circumstances of the search and thejudgment of the person responsible for conducting the search.1.2 This guide assists individuals and agencies by providinga list of techniques for their consideration
4、during a land searchand by providing a brief description of the application of thetechnique to land search.Some advantages and disadvantages,as well as the most common uses of the techniques,arediscussed in the guide.The guide does not,however,purport todiscuss all aspects of conducting a land searc
5、h.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Doc
6、uments2.1 ASTM Standard:2F1767 Guide for Forms Used for Search and Rescue3.Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 attraction,nto get the attention of lost,missing,orstranded subject(s)by sound or visual methods,or both,forexample,whistle,light,smoke.3.1.2 clue awareness,nto be aware of evidence left by as
7、ubject(s)which may help to ascertain their location ordirection of travel,or both.3.1.3 confinement,nthe act of limiting the growth of thepotential search area by minimizing the ability of the subject(s)leaving the search area undetected.3.1.4 electronic search,ntechnique(s)using electronicsystems o
8、r devices to locate a subject(s)or evidence,or both.3.1.5 hasty search,vto send a fast moving,well-trainedcrew(s)of searchers to quickly check selected high probabilityarea(s).3.1.6 investigation,nthe systematic collection and analy-sis of information about the lost or missing subject(s)byinterviewi
9、ng(interrogation)or reviewing records or evidence,or both.3.1.7 line search,vto use searchers in a linear pattern(s)atspecified intervals,to investigate a defined search segment.3.1.8 probability of area(POA),nthe probability of asubject or clue being in the area or segment being searched.3.1.9 prob
10、ability of detection(POD),nthe probability thatthe subject or clue will be detected by the search action if thesubject or clue is in the search area.3.1.10 search dog,ncanine trained in techniques to locatea subject(s)or evidence,or both.3.1.11 search dog crew(s),ncanine and their handler(s)trained
11、in search techniques to locate a subject(s)or evidence,or both.3.1.12 segment(search area),na geographic unit withinthe search area established for the purpose of effective andefficient assignment of search resources.3.1.13 segmentation,nthe process of partitioning thesearch area into segments.3.1.1
12、4 segmentation,binary,nto reduce the size of asearch area through subdivision into increasingly smallersegments.3.1.15 tracking,vto follow a subject(s)footprint(s),track(s),or sign through varying types of terrain.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 breakage,na physical rupture
13、of material or thesurface of material,such as frequently seen when vegetation iscrushed or bent by external forces such as the passage ofsubjects.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Search andRescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.02 on Management andO
14、perations.Current edition approved Nov.1,2008.Published December 2008.Originallyapproved in 1995.Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F1633 97(2003).DOI:10.1520/F1633-97R08.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For
15、Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 3.2.2 bruising,nchanges in the subsurface of vegetationwhich generally leaves
16、the surface intact but noticeably differ-ent and is the result of vegetation being crushed or squeezed byexternal forces such as the passage of a subject(s).3.2.3 color change,nchanges in tone or contrast of asurface as a result of a disturbance which causes the disturbedarea to appear different from the surroundings.An example ofsuch a change would be the turning up of sub-soil with moremoisture than the drier surface soil,thereby creating a darkerpattern in the disturbed area.See also shine.3.
