1、Designation:E232404(Reapproved 2011)Standard Guide forPDD Paired Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2324;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indi
2、cates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This is a guide for the derivation of quantitative assess-ments of the credibility of proposed witness testimony throughthe application of established statistical pr
3、inciples to combina-tions of PDD examination results,and for the utilization ofsuch assessments in the interests of justice(The Marin Proto-col).1.2 This guide describes circumstances in which provenstatistical principles,applied to PDD results,can reliablyquantify the trustworthiness or untrustwort
4、hiness of witnesstestimony,and1.2.1 Delineates requirements necessary to effect the gen-eration and practical use of such results,including:1.2.1.1 Criteria regarding witnesses to be examined,1.2.1.2 Criteria for determining facts upon which witnessesare to be examined,1.2.1.3 Certification of exami
5、ners eligible to conduct exami-nations,1.2.1.4 Combinations of results which support strong infer-ences,and1.2.1.5 Appropriate uses to which strong inferences can beput.1.3 Courts and others responsible for adjudicating questionsof fact may choose whether and when to invoke paired PDDtesting.1.3.1 T
6、his guide expresses the rights and obligations of allparticipants in order to best serve the interests of justice whenit is invoked.1.3.2 Paired PDD testing must not be invoked in any case inany jurisdiction where to do so would violate the laws of thatjurisdiction.1.3.3 Adherence to these guideline
7、s ensures that the conclu-sions reached will be valid.1.4 This guide is directed to the proposed testimony ofwitnesses in criminal,civil,administrative and family courtlitigation,regarding factual claims,where1.4.1 It is unlikely that the witnesses could be honestlymistaken,and1.4.2 The facts in dis
8、pute are such that the case may hingeon whom the trier of fact believes;whenever,1.4.3 Witnesses on opposite sides of a case offer contradic-tory testimony.1.4.4 Two or more witnesses testifying for one side offermutually corroborating testimony.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E2031 Practi
9、ce for Quality Control of PsychophysiologicalDetection of Deception(Polygraph)Examinations3.Significance and Use3.1 The goal of this guide is to reduce the incidence andimpact of perjured testimony in administrative proceedings andin the criminal,civil and family court systems.3.2 It is a mathematic
10、ally established statistical principlethat the probability of two independent events both occurring isthe algebraic product of the probabilities of either eventoccurring alone.33.3 In litigation,the situation frequently arises:3.3.1 That witnesses from opposite sides offer diametricallycontradictory
11、 testimony regarding a fact or facts,such that onemust almost certainly be lying,and3.3.2 That witnesses from one side corroborate each otherstestimony,such that either both must be telling the truth,orboth must be lying.3.4 Where both witnesses are examined regarding a fact:3.4.1 By PDD examiners w
12、ho have personally establishedthat the level of accuracy they are able to achieve meets orexceeds requirements established by the courts of the jurisdic-tion.3.4.2 The results when taken together support a strongcommon inference about the respective deceptiveness of thesubjects.1This guide is under
13、the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E52 on ForensicPsychophysiology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E52.05 onPsychophysiological Detection of Deception(PDD).Current edition approved Oct.1,2011.Published November 2011.Originallyapproved in 2004.Last previous edition approved in 2004 a
14、s E2324 04(2011).DOI:10.1520/E2324-04R11.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Press,S.J.,Bayesian Stat
15、istics:Principles,Models,and Applications,JohnWiley&Sons:New York,1989.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 3.4.3 If the minimum accuracy is set at 86%,the probabilitythat the inference will be wrong is less than 2.00%.If themi
16、nimum accuracy is set at 90%,the probability that theinference will be wrong is no higher than 1.00%.3.5 When more than two witnesses are examined by suchexaminers about a fact and all results support a commoninference about the deceptiveness of the subjects regarding thatfact,the probability that the inference will be wrong is evenlower,in accordance with the statistical principle.3.6 The validity of this guide rests on evidence that com-petent examiners are personally capable of achieving suff
